黑客道简史.docx

黑客道简史.docx

《黑客道简史.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《黑客道简史.docx（15页珍藏版）》请在冰点文库上搜索。

黑客道简史

《黑客道简史》一、早期的黑客

    时间:

2007-10-21    阅读:

608次    整理:

华西安全网

作者：

埃里克•斯蒂芬•雷蒙（EricStevenRaymond）【著】

译者：

刘安辙（AngeloLiu）【译】

原文链接：

http:

//catb.org/~esr/writings/hacker-history/hacker-history-5.html

1.Translations

Russian

http:

//www.kazan.lug.ru/articles/esr/hacker-hist.html

2.Prologue:

TheRealProgrammers

Inthebeginning,therewereRealProgrammers.

That'snotwhattheycalledthemselves.Theydidn'tcallthemselves`hackers',either,oranythinginparticular;thesobriquet`RealProgrammer'wasn'tcoineduntilafter1980,retrospectivelybyoneoftheirown.Butfrom1945onward,thetechnologyofcomputingattractedmanyoftheworld'sbrightestandmostcreativeminds.FromEckert&Mauchly'sfirstENIACcomputeronwardtherewasamoreorlesscontinuousandself-conscioustechnicalcultureofenthusiastprogrammers,peoplewhobuiltandplayedwithsoftwareforfun.

TheRealProgrammerstypicallycameoutofengineeringorphysicsbackgrounds.Theywereoftenamateur-radiohobbyists.TheyworewhitesocksandpolyestershirtsandtiesandthickglassesandcodedinmachinelanguageandassemblerandFORTRANandhalfadozenancientlanguagesnowforgotten.

FromtheendofWorldWarTwototheearly1970s,inthegreatdaysofbatchprocessingandthe``bigiron''mainframes,theRealProgrammerswerethedominanttechnicalcultureincomputing.Afewpiecesofreveredhackerfolkloredatefromthisera,includingvariouslistsofMurphy'sLawsandthemock-German``Blinkenlights''posterthatstillgracesmanycomputerrooms.

Somepeoplewhogrewupinthe`RealProgrammer'cultureremainedactiveintothe1990s.SeymourCray,designeroftheCraylineofsupercomputers,wasamongthegreatest.Heissaidoncetohavetoggledanentireoperatingsystemofhisowndesignintoacomputerofhisowndesignthroughitsfront-panelswitches.Inoctal.Withoutanerror.Anditworked.RealProgrammermachosupremo.

The`RealProgrammer'culture,though,washeavilyassociatedwithbatch（andespeciallybatchscientific）computing.Itwaseventuallyeclipsedbytheriseofinteractivecomputing,theuniversities,andthenetworks.Thesegavebirthtoanotherengineeringtraditionthat,eventually,wouldevolveintotoday'sopen-sourcehackerculture.

3.TheEarlyHackers

Thebeginningsofthehackercultureasweknowittodaycanbeconvenientlydatedto1961,theyearMITacquiredthefirstPDP-1.TheSignalsandPowercommitteeofMIT'sTechModelRailroadClubadoptedthemachineastheirfavoritetech-toyandinventedprogrammingtools,slang,andanentiresurroundingculturethatisstillrecognizablywithustoday.TheseearlyyearshavebeenexaminedinthefirstpartofStevenLevy'sbookHackers[Levy].

MIT'scomputercultureseemstohavebeenthefirsttoadopttheterm`hacker'.TheTechModelRailroadClub'shackersbecamethenucleusofMIT'sArtificialIntelligenceLaboratory,theworld'sleadingcenterofAIresearchintotheearly1980s.Theirinfluencewasspreadfarwiderafter1969,thefirstyearoftheARPANET.

TheARPANETwasthefirsttranscontinental,high-speedcomputernetwork.ItwasbuiltbytheDefenseDepartmentasanexperimentindigitalcommunications,butgrewtolinktogetherhundredsofuniversitiesanddefensecontractorsandresearchlaboratories.Itenabledresearcherseverywheretoexchangeinformationwithunprecedentedspeedandflexibility,givingahugeboosttocollaborativeworkandtremendouslyincreasingboththepaceandintensityoftechnologicaladvance.

ButtheARPANETdidsomethingelseaswell.ItselectronichighwaysbroughttogetherhackersallovertheU.S.inacriticalmass;insteadofremaininginisolatedsmallgroupseachdevelopingtheirownephemerallocalcultures,theydiscovered（orre-invented）themselvesasanetworkedtribe.

Thefirstintentionalartifactsofthehackerculture---thefirstslanglists,thefirstsatires,thefirstself-consciousdiscussionsofthehackerethic---allpropagatedontheARPANETinitsearlyyears.Inparticular,thefirstversionoftheJargonFiledevelopedasacross-netcollaborationduring1973-1975.Thisslangdictionarybecameoneoftheculture'sdefiningdocuments.Itwaseventuallypublishedas"TheHacker'sDictionary"in1983;thatfirstversionisoutofprint,butarevisedandexpandedversionisNewHacker'sDictionary[Raymond].

Hackerdomfloweredattheuniversitiesconnectedtothenet,especially（thoughnotexclusively）intheircomputersciencedepartments.MIT'sAILabwasfirstamongequalsfromthelate1960s.ButStanfordUniversity'sArtificialIntelligenceLaboratory（SAIL）andCarnegie-MellonUniversity（CMU）becamenearlyasimportant.AllwerethrivingcentersofcomputerscienceandAIresearch.Allattractedbrightpeoplewhocontributedgreatthingstothehackerculture,onboththetechnicalandfolkloriclevels.

Tounderstandwhatcamelater,though,weneedtotakeanotherlookatthecomputersthemselves;becausetheLab'sriseanditseventualfallwerebothdrivenbywavesofchangeincomputingtechnology.

SincethedaysofthePDP-1,hackerdom'sfortuneshadbeenwoventogetherwithDigitalEquipmentCorporation'sPDPseriesofminicomputers.DECpioneeredcommercialinteractivecomputingandtime-sharingoperatingsystems.Becausetheirmachineswereflexible,powerful,andrelativelycheapfortheera,lotsofuniversitiesboughtthem.

Cheaptimesharingwasthemediumthehackerculturegrewin,andformostofitslifespantheARPANETwasprimarilyanetworkofDECmachines.ThemostimportantofthesewasthePDP-10,firstreleasedin1967.The10remainedhackerdom'sfavoritemachineforalmostfifteenyears;TOPS-10（DEC'soperatingsystemforthemachine）andMACRO-10（itsassembler）arestillrememberedwithnostalgicfondnessinagreatdealofslangandfolklore.

MIT,thoughitusedthesamePDP-10saseveryoneelse,tookaslightlydifferentpath;theyrejectedDEC'ssoftwareforthePDP-10entirelyandbuilttheirownoperatingsystem,thefabledITS.

ITSstoodfor`IncompatibleTimesharingSystem'whichgivesoneaprettygoodfixontheMIThackers'attitude.Theywantedittheirway.Fortunatelyforall,MIT'speoplehadtheintelligencetomatchtheirarrogance.ITS,quirkyandeccentricandoccasionallybuggythoughitalwayswas,hostedabrilliantseriesoftechnicalinnovationsandstillarguablyholdstherecordfortime-sharingsysteminlongestcontinuoususe.

ITSitselfwaswritteninassembler,butmanyITSprojectswerewrittenintheAIlanguageLISP.LISPwasfarmorepowerfulandflexiblethananyotherlanguageofitsday;infact,itisstillabetterdesignthanmostlanguagesoftoday,twenty-fiveyearslater.LISPfreedITS'shackerstothinkinunusualandcreativeways.Itwasamajorfactorintheirsuccesses,andremainsoneofhackerdom'sfavoritelanguages.

ManyoftheITSculture'stechnicalcreationsarestillalivetoday;theEMACSprogrameditorisperhapsthebest-known.AndmuchofITS'sfolkloreisstill`live'tohackers,asonecanseeintheJargonFile.

SAILandCMUweren'tasleep,either.ManyofthecadreofhackersthatgrewuparoundSAIL'sPDP-10laterbecamekeyfiguresinthedevelopmentofthepersonalcomputerandtoday'swindow/icon/mousesoftwareinterfaces.MeanwhilehackersatCMUweredoingtheworkthatwouldleadtothefirstpracticallarge-scaleapplicationsofexpertsystemsandindustrialrobotics.

AnotherimportantnodeoftheculturewasXEROXPARC,thefamedPaloAltoResearchCenter.Formorethanadecade,fromtheearly1970sintothemid-1980s,PARCyieldedanastonishingvolumeofgroundbreakinghardwareandsoftwareinnovations.Themodernmice,windows,andiconsstyleofsoftwareinterfacewasinventedthere.Sowasthelaserprinter,andthelocal-areanetwork;andPARC'sseriesofDmachinesanticipatedthepowerfulpersonalcomputersofthe1980sbyadecade.Sadly,theseprophetswerewithouthonorintheirowncompany;somuchsothatitbecameastandardjoketodescribePARCasaplacecharacterizedbydevelopingbrilliantideasforeveryoneelse.Theirinfluenceonhackerdomwaspervasive.

TheARPANETandthePDP-10culturesgrewinstrengthandvarietythroughoutthe1970s.Thefacilitiesforelectronicmailingliststhathadbeenusedtofostercooperationamongcontinent-widespecial-interestgroupswereincreasinglyalsousedformoresocialandrecreationalpurposes.DARPAdeliberatelyturnedablindeyetoallthetechnically`unauthorized'activity;itunderstoodthattheextraoverheadwasasmallpricetopayforattractinganentiregenerationofbrightyoungpeopleintothecomputingfield.

Perhapsthebest-knownofthe`social'ARPANETmailinglistswastheSF-LOVERSlistforscience-fictionfans;itisstillverymuchalivetoday,infact,onthelarger`Internet'thatARPANETevolvedinto.Butthereweremanyothers,pioneeringastyleofcommunicationthatwouldlaterbecommercializedbyfor-profittime-sharingserviceslikeCompuServe,GEnieandProdigy（andlaterstilldominatedbyAOL）.

Yourhistorianfirstbecameinvolvedwiththehackerculturein1977throughtheearlyARPANETandscience-fictionfandom.Fromthenonward,Ipersonallywitnessedandparticipatedinmanyofthechangesdescribedhere.

4.TheRiseofUnix

FarfromthebrightlightsoftheARPANET,offinthewildsofNewJersey,somethingelsehadbeengoingonsince1969thatwouldeventuallyovershadowthePDP-10tradition.TheyearofARPANET'sbirthwasalsotheyearthataBellLabshackernamedKenThompsoninventedUnix.

Thompsonhadbeeninvolvedwiththedevelopmentworkonatime-sharingOScalledMultics,whichsharedcommonancestrywithITS.Multicswasatest-bedforsomeimportantideasabout