完整版新编语用学教程课后答案.docx

1、完整版新编语用学教程课后答案Introduction check your understanding1. f Syntax and semantics each have their own strengths.2. f Pragmatics is also interested in how language use affects the language system.3. t 4. f 5. tIn-Class Activities1. ASK(1) Yes, hes coming.(2) Yes. No, he isnt coming(3) His knowledge about

2、whether Pat likes cognitive linguistics or not.2.(1) a. John is obviously not Hitler. There is only one Hitler in the world.b. Golf as an inanimate object cant play a human being (John).c. It is a case of tautology that conveys no new information.d. “Idea” doesnt have color and cant sleep since it i

3、s inanimate. The whole sentence doesnt make sense.(2) a. it can be used for communication in a context where John shares some personality with Hitler.b. when John is a poor player of golf.c. in a context where a certain boy has done something wrong (out of naughtiness).(3) when the sentence is used

4、in poetry to personalize the word idea.3.(1) a. In an entrance of a park.b. In the restroom of some public places like an airport.a. People are forbidden to bring dogs into the park.b. This place is for adults to change infant diapers.4. (1) Here the speaker wants to express his complaint that the c

5、ouple are talking too loudly (and the implicit request for them to stop talking).(2) By saying so, the young man wants to convey their refusal to “my” request.The background knowledge we need is that since it is usually impolite to listen to other people private conversation, it is normal that “I” c

6、ant hear a word (thus the couple can continue their talk). 5.(1) This notice implies that all those who jump the red light are uncivilized, whatever the reason.(2)讲卫生的人不会随便吐痰。6. (1) This is an advertisement for a holiday inn and its food is so delicious that it can make the customers wife jealous. T

7、he “French toast” probably means a type of specialty provided by this holiday inn.(2) C: 你去哪里？ 吃饭了没？E: How are you? Hows everything going?7. (1) He means he doesnt speak French.(2) Russian majors dont speak French.(3) Yes. It helps to indicate a negative answer.8. (1) a. He uses “that” under the ass

8、umption that his mom knows which letter is being referred to. b. He uses an imperative sentence to ask her mother to close the window, which is impolite.(2) Johnny: Mom, Ping Ping is coming to visit us this afternnoon. Mother: Who is Ping Ping?(3) Wang: Its not my fault, is it? Li: Yes. - Native spe

9、aker: Hi, you look good. Zhang: Not good, not good at all.Exercises Task3.1. when we get someone to do something, we tend to minimize the effort to be involved, but when we complain we tend to exaggerate the complaint. People want to be polite by mitigating(缓解,减轻,平静)the imposition, which is face-thr

10、eatening.2. The first imperative is a general grammatical form, but the second, though still an imperative, can be used to sound more polite because of the addition of will you3. (in the office)Boss: Come to my office later.Clerk: Yes, sir.-(during the afternoon tea)Boss: How is your dad, Tom?Clerk:

11、 Hes fine. Thanks, Pat.4. He wants to suggest that he did not break the window because he was engaged with (? ) in something else in other places.5. In the novel The Catcher in the Rye, Holden, a middle school student always breaks the pragmatic conventions and in that way shows his rebellion.6. Whi

12、le we teach English to Chinese students, we not only impart linguistic information (phonetics, phonology, morphology, and syntax of English) but also pragmatic information (appropriate use of English in dynamic context). For instance, how we can use the question tag(反了？tag questions) to sound more t

13、entative and be polite.Unit 1Check your understanding1. f That is the view held by John Austin in the early stage. 2. f Implicit performative utterances do not have a performative verb.3. f 4. f The completion of the perlocutionary act requires the addressees cooperation.5. t In-Class Activities1.(1

14、) If youve ever said “I promise” or “I apologize”, you have performed those actions by the simple act of saying them. But “I know” and “I believe” are declarative. Saying them does not bring about any immediate change in the belief or knowledge of the speaker.(2) a. I wish you a great success.I admi

15、t Im wrong.b. I misunderstand your point. I see what you mean.(3) Yes. For example, when we say “我在这里向你道歉”，we are performing the act of apologizing.(?)2.(1) “A full apology” here means a wholly performative utterance of apology like “We apologize to the Chinese government and the Chinese people”. In

16、deed, “sorry” is not a performative verb.(2) To some extent, “sorry” can implicitly perform the act of apology.3.(1) The kidnapper intends to perform the acts of threatening and requiring.(2) He wants to make his words sound like an advice instead of a threatening.4.(1) a. locutionary act: the act o

17、f verbally saying “Today is not a free admission day”.illocutionary act: it implicitly requires people to pay the admission fee.perlocutionary act: people pay the admission fee (if at all).b. locutionary act: the act of verbally saying “Thank you for your generous donation and your support”.illocuti

18、onary act: it implicitly urges people to donate.perlocutionary act: people donate money (if at all).a Admission fee required todayb We expect your generous donation and your supportThe first is chosen to be less imposing. The second is chosen to attract peoples donation.5. (1) No, it is not a verdic

19、tive. It is just an advertisement from s (a) hotel whose name happens to be “Jurys”.(2) The proprietor plays a game of words to attract customers.ExercisesTask 31.a. constative ? locution: “No smoking in this area”. Illocution: Forbidding people from smoking here. Perlocution: People do not smoke he

20、re.b. constative. Locution: “Ticket passengers only”. Illocution: Asking passengers to buy tickets if they want to (enter the museum). Perlocution: Passengers buy tickets to enter the museum.c. constative. Locution: “Token vending machine”. Illocution: Informing the public of the fact that they can

21、buy tokens through this machine. Perlocution: People buy tokens through this machine (if at all).2.Yes. It solves the problem that constatives can indeed be regarded as implicit ways of doing things. Thus, all utterances are “performative” in essence.Yes, I agree. Suppose A said to B “its stuffy her

22、e”. The actual effect may be that A is understood to be complaining, but the intended effect is that someone should open the window or the door and it may bring B to perform the act instead of letting him just listen to As complaint.3. (1)a, (2)a, and(3)a are performative utterances and can stand th

23、e test “hereby”. However, in (1)b, (1)c and (2)b, (2)c, “know” , “think”, “amuse” and “flatter” are not performative verbs. In (3)b, the third person subject is used. In (3)c, simple past tense is used.4. Both verdictives and exertives involve a demonstration of powers, rights, or influence. However

24、, verdictives have the illocutionary force of issuing a formal or official judgment and giving a verdict, while exertives involve making decisions in favor of or against a certain course of action, or advocacy of it. 5. These utterances are not true or false, that is, not truth-evaluable. The utteri

25、ng of them on formal occasions is or is part of the doing of a certain kind of action, the performance of which, again, would not normally be described as just “saying” or “describing something (cf. Austin 1962, 5).e.g.“This meeting is now adjourned.”“The court is now in session.”“This church is her

26、eby de-sanctified.” 批准,认可,使合法化Unit2Check your understanding1. f It is criticized as lacking criteria for classification.2. f The hearer is held responsible.3. f 4. t 5. fIn-Class Activities1.(1) No, they are essentially directives.(2) “你能帮我还书吗，谢谢哦。”“Well be very grateful for your presence.”(3) Becau

27、se they expect other peoples compliance instead of refusals. One feels indebted感激的, 受惠的, 蒙恩的if one does not comply with the request.2. (1) Commissives (2) Yes. The second promise is achieved with a condition which may turn the promise (a commissive) into a requirement (a directive).3.(1) No. Utteran

28、ce a is a threat. Utterance b involves something that the speaker cannot xcontrol. Utterance c describes something in the past rather than something that the speaker will do in the future. Utterance d involves an act that the hearer rather than the speaker will do in the future. Utterance e has a th

29、ird person as the subject. Utterance f is a statement about something that happened in the past. (2) a. propositional content condition (what is said is about something that the speaker has done wrongly); b. sincerity condition (the speaker is serious or sincere in making the apology; c. preparatory

30、 conditions (e.g. the person who is apologizing should have made mistakes) d. essential condition (both sides understand that what the speaker says is an apology).Zhang: 这件事你不应这样处理的。Li: 好嘛，算我错了行了吧。where the speaker is not sincere4.(1) The customer when he says there is a fly in my soup (which is mea

31、nt to be a complaint).(2) Because saying that can normally attract the waiters attention and the waiter knows what to do in a context like this. Yes. Sometimes, we speak indirectly to save our or others face.(3) Yes, I agree with her. Hearing the customers words, the waiter may not take it seriously

32、 (if he is not joking).5. (1) The role of the underlined part is explaining the reason of the refusal so that Andy will accept Jacks refusal more readily.Not necessarily. A white lie also does the same trick.(2) a. Calling on people to save water.b. Denying people the right to park here.The “irrelevant” information is used