动词.docx

1、动词第6讲 动词（上）Part I 4-year-old Begin and his cousin scrambled (争抢) for toys. His mum told him: “ You are older brother because youre older than your (cousin) sister. You should give ground to her.(让着她) ” Begin thought a little but maintained(坚持) : “ My sister must give ground to me when she grows olde

2、r than I.” His uncle around overheard and said : “Such a thing hardly occurs（发生）.” Part II ：定义：表示动作中状态的词叫做动词。 动词五种形态：原形、第三人称单数形式、过去式、过去分词、现在分词。根据其在句中的功能，动词可分为四类：实义动词、系动词、助动词、情态动词。注意：基本助动词只有三个：be, do, have, 他们没有词汇意义，只有语法作用，如协助构成进行体，完成体，被动态，否定句，疑问句等。例如： He is giving a lecture. 他在作报告。 He has made a pla

3、n. 他已经订了计划。 The small animals are kept in the cages. 小动物都关在笼子里。还可以根据其后是否带有宾语分为两类：及物动词和不及物动词。缩写形式分别为vt. 和vi.英语的动词从是否独立用作谓语来看，可以分为谓语动词和非谓语动词两种。所谓谓语动词，其实就是动词独立用作谓语时的形式；非谓语动词就是动词不独立用作谓语时的形式。前者由动词的各种时态形式来表示，后者则由不定式、分词和动名词来表示。英语谓语动词的八种时态、语态和几种变化形式如下： 八种时态 主动语态 被动语态 一般现在时 do; does am; is; are done 一般过去时 di

4、d; -ed was; were done 一般将来时 will do will be done 现在进行时 am; is; are doing am; is; are being done 过去进行时 was; were doing was; were being done 现在完成时 have; has done have; has been done 过去完成时 had done had been done 过去将来时 would do would be done 情态动词 情态动词+do 情态动词+be done一、一般现在时：1. 一般现在时的构成：一般现在时是由动词的现在式来表示的

5、，所谓动词的现在式，是指动词原形和-s形式，后者用于第三人称单数的主语。例如： I study in a school near here. 我在附近的一所学校读书。 My father often works far into the night. 父亲常常工作到深夜。实义动词的否定式和疑问式要由助动词do / does来构成，例如： They dont like living in the city. 他们不喜欢住在城里。 She doesnt speak German very well. 她德语说得不太好。 Do you watch TV on Sundays? 你每个星期天都看电视吗

6、？ Where does he work? 他在哪里工作？2. 一般现在时的基本用法： 表示经常性或习惯性的动作，常与always, usually, sometimes, often, every day等时间状语连用。 We have an English class every day except Thursday. 除了星期四，我们每天都上英语课。 It often rains here in spring. 这里春天经常下雨。 They always go to Italy for their holidays. 他们总是去意大利度假。 Sometimes I come by tr

7、ain, but usually I come by car. 有时我乘火车来，但是通常我乘汽车来。 表示现在的特征和状态，通常不带时间状语。例如： She likes bread, but she doesnt like pizza. 她爱吃面包，而不爱吃比萨饼。 Do you speak English? 你会说英语吗？ 表示客观真理、科学事实、格言等。例如： The sun always rises in the east. 太阳总是从东方升起。 Twice three makes six. 2乘3等于6。 在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中表示将来的动作或状态。例如： I will dis

8、cuss this with you when we meet. 我们见面的时候，我会和你讨论这件事。 We will not leave until we are asked to. 直到我们被要求离开，我们才会离开。 If the weather is fine tomorrow, we shall go on a field trip. 如果明天天晴，我们就去考察旅行。 They will stand by you even if you dont succeed. 即便你不成功，他们也会支持你。二、一般过去时：1. 一般过去时的构成： 一般过去时是由动词的过去式来表示的，而动词的过去式

9、是在动词原形的基础上变化的。动词的过去式可分为规则动词和不规则动词。规则动词的过去式变化如下：（1）一般情况下，动词词尾加-ed ，如：worked played wanted acted （2）以不发音的e结尾动词，动词词尾加-d，如：lived moved decided declined hoped judged raised wiped（3）以辅音字母 + y结尾的动词，把y变为i 再加-ed，如：studied tried copied justified cried carried 注意：以元音字母 + y结尾的动词，直接加-ed，如：played（4）以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音

10、节动词，双写词尾辅音字母，再加-ed，如：stopped begged fretted （5）不规则动词的过去式（过去分词）变化规律性不强，须多加记忆。 原形动词 中文意思 过去式 过去分词awake 唤醒 awoke / awaked awoke / awakedbear 忍受 出生 bore born / bornebeat 击打 beat beatenbecome 变得 成为 became becomebegin 开始 began begunbite 咬 bit bit / bittenblow 吹 blew blown2. 一般过去时的基本用法： 表示过去某时或某时段内发生的动作或情况

11、，常常带有表示过去时间的状语，如：yesterday, two days ago, last month, just now, a moment ago, the other day, in 2000等。例如： It was Tuesday yesterday. 昨天是星期二。 When did you meet him? Ten minutes ago. 你什么时候遇见他的？ 10分钟以前。 We lived in a small town for about five years. 我们在一个小城里住了大约5年。 表示过去的习惯性动作，通常带有表示频度的状语。例如： He always c

12、arried an umbrella with him. 他总是带着一把伞。 He was often late for school last term. 上个学期他常常上学迟到。 She went out shopping once a week, in the evenings.她每周一次晚上出去采购。三、一般将来时：1. 一般将来时的构成： 一般将来时由“助动词shall / will动词原形”构成，shall用于第一人称,will用于第二、第三人称。美国英语在陈述句中不论什么人称一律使用will，英国英语现在也有这种趋势。shall / will在口语中可以略作ll，如：Ill, Y

13、oull, Hell, Shell, Itll, Theyll等等。2. 一般将来时的用法：.一般将来时的基本用法：表示将来要发生的动作或情况，常常带有表示将来时间的状语，如：tomorrow, next week, in two days, from now on, soon, in 2050等。例如： He will come back soon. 他很快就会回来的。 It will be Tuesday tomorrow. 明天是星期二。 We shall / will not be there till eleven. 我们要到11点钟才会到那里。 When will the trai

14、n arrive? 火车什么时候到？注意：shall有时在疑问句中，用来有礼貌地征询对方的意见。例如： Shall I open the window? Yes, please. (= Would you like me to?) 我把窗户打开好吗？好，请吧。.一般将来时的其他用法：. “be going to+动词原形”注意：be going to 与 will 的区别：a. be going to 表示近期,眼下就要发生的事情,will 表示的将来时间则较远一些,如: He is going to write a letter tonight. He will write a book o

15、ne day. b. be going to 表示根据主观判断将来肯定发生的事情,will 表示客观上将来势必发生的事情. He is seriously ill. He is going to die. He will be twenty years old. c. be going to 含有计划,准备的意思,而 will 则没有这个意思,如: She is going to lend us her book. He will be here in half an hour. d.在有条件从句的主句中,一般不用 be going to, 而多用 will, 如: If any beasts

16、 comes at you, Ill stay with you and help you. .go，come，start，move，sail，leave，arrive，stay，live, fly,等可用进行时态表示按计划即将发生的动作，例如： Im leaving for Beijing. 我要去北京。.“be to+动词原形”表示按计划要发生的事或征求对方意见。例如： Are we to go on with this work? 我们继续干吗？ The boy is to go to school tomorrow. 这个男孩明天要去上学。 .“be about to+动词原形”表示即

17、将发生的动作，意为：很快，马上。后面一般不跟时间状语。例如： We are about to leave.我们马上就走。.某些词，如come，go，leave，arrive，start，get，stay，live, 等的一般现在时也可表示将来。例如： The meeting starts at five oclock.会议五点开始 He gets off at the next stop.他下一站下车。四、过去将来时：1. 过去将来时的构成： 过去将来时有两种基本形式：“助动词would 动词原形”和“was / were going to 动词原形”。2. 过去将来时的基本用法： 一般将来时

18、是以现在时间为基点来看将来。如果说话人以过去某时为基点来看将来，这就需要使用过去将来时。 过去将来时多用于宾语从句（包括间接引语），表示从句动作发生在主句动作之后。例如：. “would+动词原形”。常表示按计划或安排即将发生的事。例如： He said he would come to see me.他说他要来看我。 He told me he would go to Beijing.他告诉我他将去北京。. “was/ were + going to+动词原形”。常可用来表示按计划或安排即将发生的事。例如： She said she was going to start off at onc

19、e.她说她将立即出发。 I was told that he was going to return home.有人告诉我他准备回家。此结构还可表示根据当时情况判断有可能但不一定会发生某事。例如： It seemed as if it was going to rain. 看来好像要下雨。. come, go, leave, arrive, start等动词可用过去进行时代替过去将来时。例如： He said the train was leaving at six the next morning.他说火车将于第二天早晨六点离开。.条件状语从句和时间状语从句中须用一般过去时代替过去将来时。例

20、如： I didnt know when she would come，but when she came I would let you know. 我不知道她什么时候来，但她来了我会告诉你。 The teacher said that it would be very difficult to make progress if I didnt work hard. 老师说，如果我不努力学习的话，就很难取得进步。 一、用所给动词的正确时态填空： 1. Please dont get off the bus until it _ (stop). 2. Mr. Brown will go fis

21、hing if it _ (not rain) tomorrow. 3. Bill is strict with himself. He never (leave) todays work for tomorrow. 4. About 400 years ago, Galileo(伽利略) proved that the earth _ (go) around the sun. 5. You may go fishing if your work _ (finish). 6. Everyone in our class _ (worry) about the coming exam. 7. N

22、anjing is one of the most beautiful cities in China. It _ (attract) large numbers of tourists. 8. My brother likes English very much. He _ (practice) reading every day. 9. Young people usually _ (prefer) pop music to traditional one. 10. Someone _ (call) you this morning when you _ (be) out. 11. The

23、y _ (not leave) until you come back. 12. Lets hurry up. It _ (rain) very soon. 13. Mr. Smith told me that there _ (be) a talk on American history tonight. _ you _ (come)? 14. Nobody could tell exactly how far light _ (travel) in a year. 15. _ we _ (go) to the party together this afternoon? 16. How l

24、ong ago _ dinosaurs _ (disappear) from the earth? 17. The little boy is playing in the street. Who _ (take) him here? 18. It seemed that those people _ (start) repairing the road. 19. We _ just _ (step) out when the telephone _ (ring). 20. In about 600 years time, each person _ (have) only one half

25、to one square meter of space to live in.二、选择填空： 1. Frank last _ to the doctor about six months ago. A. goes B. has gone C. gone D. went 2. I like my new bike. It_ very well. A. rides B. is riding C. is ridden D. has ridden 3. I dont know if his uncle _. I think he _ if it doesnt rain. A. will come,

26、comes B. will come, will come C. comes, comes D. comes, will come 4. They usually _ to town on Saturdays. A. were driving B. drive C. have driven D. will drive 5. At Susans office _ at nine oclock. A. starts work B. work starts C. works start D. starts the work 6. I beg your pardon? I _ quite catch

27、it. A. didnt B. wouldnt C. dont D. cant 7. It _ my sisters birthday the day after tomorrow. She _ a party. A. is going to be, will have B. will be, is having C. will be, is going to have D. will have, is going to be 8. We _ to the zoo if it _ tomorrow. A. will go, snow B. wont go, snows C. dont go,

28、snows D. didnt go, snowed 9. I _ along the river when I _ someone _ for help. A. walked, heard, calling B. was walking, heard, called C. was walking, heard, calling D. am walking, hear, calling 10. When will they be back? They _ back until the work _ finished. A. arent, is B. wont be, will be C. are

29、nt, will be D. wont be, is 11. I _ a meal when you _ me. A. cooked, were ringing B. was cooking, rang C. was cooking, were ringing D. cooked, rang 12. What book _ you _ when I _ you at four yesterday afternoon? A. did, read, was seeing B. did, read, saw C. were, reading, saw D. were, reading, was se

30、eing 13. He said he _ to draw a plane on the blackboard at that time. A. tries B. tried C. was trying D. will try 14. It was Friday evening. Mr. and Mrs. Green _ ready to fly to England. A. are getting B. get C. were getting D. got 15. While she _ TV, she _ a very strange sound outside the room. A. was watching, was hearing B. watched, was hearing C. watched, heard D. was watching, heard 16. His parents wanted to know how he _ on with h