高考英语语法复习系列之1定语从句.docx

1、高考英语语法复习系列之1定语从句高考英语语法复习系列之1-定语从句Part one-基础知识I. 定语可以由形容词、代词、数词、名词、分词、不定式、介词短语等来担任，修饰名词。(以分词、介词短语为例） 例：The girl behind the tree is Kate. The man driving too fast was a drunk在英语中，修饰名词或代词的句子叫定语从句。 例：The girl who is behind the tree is Kate. The man who was driving too fast was a drunk定语从句起了形容词的作用，在句中修饰

2、一个名词或代词。被修饰的词叫做先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，他的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起了连接作用，二是在从句中担当一个成分，并与先行词保持数的一致。普通代词与关系代词的区别I have a sister. She works in Shanghai. she 代替 sisterI have a sister who/that works in Shanghai. 普通代词：只起代替的作用（如上例she) 关系代词： （如上例who/that）1. 除了代替先行词外，2.它还在定语从句中担任一定的成分，3. 同时连接先行词与它引导的定语从句。（把主句和从句连起来）关系词先行词从句

3、成分例句备注关系代词who人主语Do you know the man who is talking with your mother?whom, which和that在从句中做宾语时，常可以省略，但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略，也不可以用thatwhom人宾语Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am workingThe boy (whom) she loved died in the war.whose人，物定语I like those books whose topics are about history.The boy whose father

4、works abroad is my deskmate. that人，物主语，宾语A plane is a machine that can fly.She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much.which物主语，宾语The book (which) I gave you was worth $10.The picture which was about the accident was terrible.as人，物主语，宾语He is such a person as is respected by all of us.This is

5、the same pen as I lost yesterday. as做宾语一般不省略关系副词when时间时间状语I will never forget the day when we met there.可用on whichwhere地点地点状语This is the house where I was born.可用in whichwhy原因原因状语I cant imagine the reason why he turned down my offer.可用for whichII. 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别：类别语法意义及特征例句限制性定语从句对先行词起修饰限制作用，如果

6、去掉，主句意思就不完整明确，这种从句与主句的关系十分密切，写时不用逗号分开。The accident happened at the time when I left.非限制性定语从句对先行词作附加的说明，与主句的关系不十分密切，较松散。从句和主句之间用逗号分开，相当于一个插入语，不能用that引导，关系代词做宾语时也不能省略。His mother, whom he loved deeply, died ten years ago.III. 关系词的选用与判断 正确选择关系词是掌握定语从句的关键。关系词的选择完全取决于先行词在定语从句中所充当的什么成分。关系词一共有九个，它们在从句中所充当的句

7、子成分见下表。 关系词主语宾语表语定语状语说明that人/物人/物不能用于非限定性从句which物物who人whom人whose人/物whenwherewhyas主要用于非限制性的定语从句和suchas, the sameas, asas,结构中。IV介词+关系代词：1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。2）that前不能有介词。3） 某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的介词+关系词结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。 This is the house in which I lived two years ago. This is the house where I lived two

8、 years ago. Do you remember the day on which you joined our club? Do you remember the day when you joined our club?4）介词的位置变化以及相应的关系词的变化。请分析下面两个句子。那就是他工作的大学。 at which he works. which he works at.That is the college where he works. that he works at. he works at.它出生的那一天是1952年8月20日。 on which he was born

9、 which he was born onThe day when he was born wasAug.20,1952. that he was born on he was born on总结：介词的选择是根据先行词与介词的搭配关系而定。 . that与which, who, whom的用法区别：情况用法说明例句只用that的情况1 先行词为all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much,等不定代词时。2 先行词被all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few等修饰时3 先行词有形容词最

10、高级和序数词修饰时4 先行词既指人又指物时5 先行词被the only, the very修饰时6 句中已经有who或which时，为了避免重复时1.He told me everything that he knows.2.All the books that you offered has been given out.3.This is the best film that I have ever read.4.We talked about the persons and things that we remembered.5.He is the only man that I wan

11、t to see.6.Who is the man that is making a speech?只用which, who, whom的情况1 在非限制性定语从句中，只能用which指代物，用who/whom指人2 在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中，只能用which指物，whom指人。3 先行词本身是that时，关系词用which, 先行词为those, one, he时多用who。He has a son, who has gone abroad for further study.I like the person to whom the teacher is talking.Th

12、ose who respect others are usually respected by others. as与which的区别：定语从句区别例句限制性定语从句中名词前有such和the same修饰时，关系代词用as,不能用whichHe is not such a fool as he looks.Dont read such books as you cant understand. 非限制性定语从句中as和which都可以指代前面整个主句。如果有“正如，象”的含义，并可以放在主句前，也可以放在后面，那么用as；而which引导的从句只能放主句后，并无“正如”的意思。They wo

13、n the game, as we had expected.They won the game, which we hadnt expected.As is well known, he is a famous film star in the 1980s.as引导定语从句主要用于非限制性定语从句和the sameas，suchas，asas的结构中。1.as与which都可以引导一个非限制性定语从句，并代表前面整个句子或主句中的表语。He married the girl，as(which)was natural.He seemed a freigner,as(which)in fact

14、he was. 不同的是：as引导的定语从句可以前置，而which不行。 As was natural, he married the girl.2. 在the sameas,suchas,asas结构中，same,such,as之后应是名词或形容词名词。We are facing the same problems as we did years ago.Some people have no doubt that their cat understands as many words as a dog does.We hope to get such a tool as he is usi

15、ng.这三种结构也可以用which改写。但要去掉这种结构，不能直接用which代替as。以上三句分别可以改写成：We are facing the problems which we faced years ago.Some people have no doubt that their cat understands the words which a dog understands.We hope to get the tool which he is using.3.the sameas与the samethat引导的定语从句在意义上的区别是：前者修饰的是与原物同样的；而后者修饰的就是先

16、行词同样的东西。是比较：This is the same watch as I lost.这和我丢失的那一只表一样。（不是同一只）This is the same watch that I lost这就是我丢失的那一只表。（同一只）. 定语从句与其它从句1. 定语从句与同位语从句的区别。首先看引导从句的关系词that是否在从句中充当句子成分。如果在从句中充当主、宾、表，则是定语从句。再看that前的名词是否是一些需要有内容的名词，如：idea, fact, thought, news等。后面的从句是说明其内容的，（这个名词在后面的从句中部充当任何成分），这个从句则是同位语从句。He expre

17、ssed the hope that he has had for many years.hope在从句中不充当句子成分，又加上后面从句是说明hope的内容的，因此时同位语从句。We heard the news that pleased everyone.We heard the news that our term had won.2. 定语从句还是状语从句1）Here is such a big stone as no one can move.2) Here is so big a stone as no one can move.3) Here is such a big stone

18、 that no one can move it4) Here is so big a stone that no one can move it.在1) 2)句中as 都在定语从句中做了move 的宾语，as是引导词，引导定语从句，而在3) 4)句中，that 上作来引导状语从句的。3. 定语从句还是地点状语从句1）Ill go to the place where you stay.2）Ill go where you stay.在句1）中where是引导定语从句，而在句2）中where是引导在点状语从句的。4定语从句还是主语从句1）As is known to all, they are

19、 sure to win.2）Its known to all that they are sure to win.在句1）中as是关系代词，代表后面的整个句子做主句的主语。在句2）中it是代词，代表that引导的句子做主句的主语。5. 独立句与定语从句分不清1）I met twenty students, some of whom are good at maths.2）I met twenty students. Some of them are good at maths.3）We reached the mountain, on the of which we saw a beauti

20、ful scene4）We reached the mountain. On the of it (or: On its top ) we saw a beautiful scene1） 和3）是主句和定语从句关系，所以我们要用关系代词，而在2）4）各两句中，它们是各自的独立句子，所以用代词。当然在36中将on the top of which改为on whose top,则定语从句的关系 更为明显。6. 定语从句与what引导的名词性从句的转换1）Hes not the man that he was.2）Hes not what he was.3）China is no longer th

21、e country that it was.4）China is no longer what it was.我们常用名词+that改变成what的形式，如1）2） 句，它们的意义基本上是一样的，只不过用名词+that更为清晰。3）4）句也是如此。 7. 区别清It +be引导的强调句与带有定语从句的复合句。请看下列两组句子: A. It was September 11, 2001 _ the World Trade Center in New York was attacked. B. It was on September 11, 2001_ the World Trade Center

22、 in New York was attacked. A. It was Wuhan _ Jill met the three-year-old girl and adopted her. B. It was in Wuhan _ Jill met the three-year-old girl and adopted her. 以上两组A、B句除了分别相差介词on 和in之外,其余部分完全相同。但一词之差句式不同,横线上的词也不同。那么究竟哪个是强调句,哪个是含定语从句的复合句呢?有一个简单的判定方法:去掉It was和连接词(横线部分)。如果剩余部分仍是一个完整的句子,则是强调句;否则,那

23、个空格中所用的引导词及其引导的部分就是定语从句。根据这个原则我们就很容易判断出两组的A句是含定语从句的复合句,横线部分分别用关系副词when 和where。而B句则是强调句,横线部分应是that。Part two 方法点拨定语从句的辨认（思考步骤）1. 找出先行词 a.确定在从句中关系代词的人称、数和性。 b.确定定语从句的位置2. 确定关系代词在从句中的成分以确定关系代词的格3. 确定从句的时态 （定语从句的时态都不受主句的限制）The woman who/that spoke at the meeting yesterday is my mother. (主句)The woman is m

24、y mother.(叙述客观事实用一般现在时) (从句)The woman(who/that) spoke at the meeting yesterday. (句中yesterday表示过去时间)判断关系代词与关系副词 方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如： This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. Ill never forget the days when I worked together with you. 判断改错

25、 （错） This is the mountain village where I visited last year. （错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside. （对） This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year. （对） Ill never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside. 习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词

26、的误用上。 方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。例1. Is this museum _ you visited a few days age? A. where B. that C. on which D. the one例2. Is this the museum _ the exhibition was held. A. where B. that C. on which D. the one答案：例1 D，例2 A例1变为肯定句： This museum is _ you visited a few days ago.例2

27、变为肯定句： This is the museum _ the exhibition was held. 在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。 而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选A。 关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词 (who, whom, that

28、, which, whose)； 先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语) 。Part three 典型例题1.（2004年全国卷23题） The English play _ my students acted at the New Years party was a great success.A. for which B. at which C. in which D. on which【解析】本句属于“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句这一情况。通过拆分我们可以得My students acted in the English

29、play at the New Years party.,所以答案为C。2. (2004年湖南卷23题) I work in a business almost everyone is waiting for a great chance.A. how B. which C. where D. that 【解析】句中先行词a business（商店） 表示地点，定语从句中用关系副词where 来充当状语，相当于in which。3. Alice received an invitation from her boss, _came as a surprise.A. it B. that C.

30、which D. he【解析】答案C. 此为非限定性从句，不能用 that修饰，而用which，it 和he 都使后句成为句子，两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。4.The weather turned out to be very good, _ was more than we could expect. A. what B. which C. that D. it答案B。which可代替句子，用于非限定性定语从句，而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定语从句，it不为连词，使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。5.(03北京24)York, _ last year ,is a nice old city.A. that I visited B. which I visited C. where I v