英语语法术语标准格式版.docx

1、英语语法术语标准格式版language语言grammar语法sentence句子clause分句phrase词组word词morpheme词素segmentation切分法free morpheme自由词素 simple word（morpheme word）简单词（单词素词） compound word复合词 compound noun复合名词 compound adjective复合形容词 compound verb复合动词 compound adverb复合副词 compound pronoun复合代词 compound conjunction复合连词 compound preposit

2、ion复合介词inflectional affix屈折词缀derivational affix派生词缀 prefix前缀 infix中缀 suffix后缀allomorph词素变体closed class封闭词类 function word功能词 preposition介词 pronoun代词 determiner限定词 conjunction连词 auxiliary助动词open class开放词类 content word实义词 noun名词 adjective形容词 adverb副词 main verb主动词cardinal numeral基数词ordinal numeral序数词int

3、erjection感叹词head (headword)中心词noun phrase名词词组verb phrase动词词组adjective phrase形容词词组adverb phrase副词词组prepositional phrase介词词组simple verb phrase简单动词词组complex verb phrase复杂动词词组finite verb phrase 限定动词词组 tense时 person人称 number数non-finite verb phrase非限定动词词组premodifier前置修饰语postmodifier后置修饰语complementation补足成

4、分independent clause独立分句dependent clause从属分句simple clause简单分句 simple sentece简单句complex clause复杂分句 complex sentece复杂句main clause主句subordinate clause分句finite clause限定分句non-finite clause非限定分句verbless clause无动词分句full sentence完全句minor sentece不完全句compound sentence并列句compound-complex sentence并列复杂句clause ele

5、ment分句成分basic clause type分句基本类型subject（compound subject）主语(并列主语)predicate（compound predicate）谓语(并列谓语)predicate verb谓语动词object（direct object/indirect object）宾语(直宾/间宾)complement(subject/object complement)补语(主补/宾补)adverbial状语SVC, SV, SVO, SVoO, SVOC,SVA, SVOAconcord/agreement一致subject-verb agreement主动一

6、致/主谓一致grammatical concord语法一致原则notional concord意义一致原则principle of proximity就近原则coordinate subject并列结构作主语noun phrase of amount or quality表示数量概念的名词词组relative clause 关系分句relative pronoun关系代词antecedent先行项cleft sentence分裂句focus element中心成分existential sentence存在句notional subject实义主语coordinate construction

7、并列结构coordinate element并列成分simple noun简单名词compound noun复合名词derivative noun派生名词common noun普通名词 individual noun个体名词 collective noun集体名词 material noun物质名词 abstract noun抽象名词proper noun专有名词countable/count noun可数名词uncountable/non-count noun不可数名词number数singular number单数plural number复数 regular plural 规则复数 ir

8、regular plural不规则复数partitive/unit noun单位词/单位名词case格 common case通格 possessive case/genitive case所有格/（名词）属格 independent genitive独立属格 double genitive双重属格determiner限定词 definite airicle定冠词 indefinite article不定冠词 zero article零冠词 possessive determiner物主限定词 genitive noun名词属格 demonstrative determiner指示限定词 re

9、lative determiner关系限定词 interrogative determiner 疑问限定词 indefinite determiner不定限定词 multiplicative numeral倍数词 fractional numeral分数词 quantifier量词specific reference特指generic reference类指 definite specific reference确定特指 anaphoric specific reference前照应特指 cataphoric specific reference后照应特指 situational refere

10、nce语境照应（特指）definite quantity确定数量indefinite quantity非确定数量referential meaning所指意义predeterminer前位限定词central determiner中位限定词postdeterminer后位限定词person pronoun人称代词 subjective case主格 objective case宾格 genitive case属格possessive pronoun (genitive pronoun)物主代词(属格代词) nominal genitive pronoun名词性属格代词 possessive g

11、enitive pronoun限定词属格代词reflexive pronoun反身代词reciprocal pronoun相互代词demonstrative pronoun指示代词indefinite pronoun不定代词interrogative pronoun疑问代词relative pronoun关系代词gender性 masculine gender阳性 feminine gender阴性 neuter gender中性 common gender通性noun of common gender通性名词person人称 first person第一人称 second person第二人

12、称 third person第三人称Reflexive form反身形式emphatic use强调用法unemphatic use非强调用法reference照应，所指pronoun reference代词照应 anaphoric reference前照应 cataphoric reference后照应 situational reference语境照应person reference人称照应demonstrative reference指示照应tense时 present tense现在时 past tense过去时aspect体 progressive aspect进行体 perfect

13、ive aspect完成体voice态 active voice主动态 passive voice （be-passive/get-passive/passive infinitive）被动态(be型/get型被动态/不定式被动态)mood式 indicative mood陈述式 statement(declarative sentence)陈述句 question(interrogative sentence)疑问句 imperative mood 祈使式 subjunctive mood虚拟式 hypothetical meaning假设意义 non-factual meanig非事实意义

14、 Be-subjunctiveBe型虚拟式 Were-subjunctiveWere型虚拟式auxiliary助动词 primary auxiliary基本助动词 modal auxiliary情态助动词 semi-auxiliary半助动词simple verb phrase简单动词词组complex verb phrase复杂动词词组notional verb实义动词complementation补足成分transitive verb及物动词intransitive verb不及物动词linking verb连系动词dynamic verb动态动词stative verb静态动词singl

15、e-word verb单词动词phrasal verb词组动词finite verb （finite form）限定动词（限定形式）non-finite verb（non-finite form）非限定动词（非限定形式）base form原形grammatical form语法形式simple tense一般现在时simple past一般过去时present progressive现在进行时past progressive过去进行时present perfective现在完成时past perfective过去完成时present perfective progressive现在完成进行时p

16、ast perfective progressive过去完成进行时future tense将来时operator 操作词predication述谓成分Old English 古英语prediction预见willingness意愿intention意图infinitive(to-infinitive/bare-infinitive)不定式(带to/不带to不定式)-ing participleing分词-ed participleed分词conditional条件句implied conditional含蓄条件句ability能力possibility可能permission许可obligat

17、ion义务（必须，应该）necessity必然determination决心epistemic推测性non-epistemic非推测性deep structure深层结构surface structure表层结构dynamic adjective动态形容词stative adjective静态形容词present participle现在分词past participle 过去分词gerund动名词dangling participle(unattached participle)悬垂分词（无依着分词）attachment rule依着规则logical suject逻辑主语one-word

18、adjective单词形容词compound adjective复合形容词central adjective中心形容词peripheral adjective外围形容词gradable ajective等级形容词non-gradable ajective非等级形容词causative construction使役结构simple adverb简单副词derivative adverb派生副词adverb of manner方式副词adverb of degree程度副词adverb of time时间副词adverb of frequency频率副词adverb of place地点副词con

19、junctive adverb连接副词explanatory adverb解说副词adjunct修饰/结合性状语dsjunct评注/分离性状语conjunct连接性状语positive/absolute degree原级comparative degree比较级superlative degree最高级synthetic form综合形式analytic form分析形式comparative constructure比较结构analytic language分析性语言simple preposition简单介词complex preposition复杂介词two-word prepositi

20、on双词介词three-word preposition三词介词four-word preposition四词介词exclamation(exclamatory sentence)感叹句emphasizer强调词reinforcement tag强调附加结构double negative双重否定rhetorical question修辞疑问句partial negation局部否定question(interrogative sentence)疑问句 general question(yes-no question)一般疑问句(是非疑问句) special question （wh-quest

21、ion） 特殊疑问句（wh-问句） alternative question选择疑问句 tag question附加疑问句non-assertive word非肯定词command (imperative sentence)祈使句existential sentence存在句notional subject实义主语real subject真主语locative adverbial地点状语temporal adverbial时间状语nonreferring it非指代性itempty it虚义itanticipatory it先行itpseudo-clef sentence拟似分裂句coordi

22、nator并列（连）词correlative coordinator关联并列连词coordinate construction并列结构subordination从属subordinator从属连词simple subordinator简单从属连词complex subordinator复杂从属连词correlative subordinator关联从属连词marginal subordinator边际从属连词one-word subordinator单词从属连词adverbial clause of time时间状语分句adverbial clause of place地点状语分句adverb

23、ial clause of manner方式状语分句adverbial clause of cause原因状语分句adverbial clause of result结果状语分句adverbial clause of purpose目的状语分句adverbial clause of condition条件状语分句adverbial clause of concession让步状语分句Infinitive clause不定式分句-ing participle clause-ing分词分句-ed participle clause-ed分词分句quasi-coordinator近似并列连词abso

24、lute construction独立结构relative word关系词 relative pronoun关系代词 relative adverb关系副词 relative determiner关系限定词attributive clause(relative clause)定语从句（关系分句）restrictive relative clause限定性关系分句non-restrictive relative clause非限定性关系分句double relative clause双重关系分句embedded relative clause嵌入式关系分句conditional条件句real c

25、onditional真实条件句unreal conditional非真实条件句basic form基本形式variant form变体形式alternative form替换形式direct speech直接引语indirect speech间接引语reporting verb引述动词modification修饰语restrictive modifier限制性修饰语non-restrictive modifier非限制性修饰语discontinuous modification分隔修饰appositive同位语restrictive appositive限制性同位语non-restrictiv

26、e appositive非限制同位语substitute替代词 nominal substitute名词性替代词 verbal substitute动词性替代词 clausal substitute分句性替代词substitution替代 nominal substitution名词性替代 verbal substitution动词性替代 clausal substitution分句性替代ellipsis省略word order词序normal order正常词序natural order自然词序postponement后置fronting前置end focus句尾焦点end weight句尾

27、重心information focus信息焦点information unit信息单位old information (given information)旧信息（已知信息）new information新信息full inversion全部倒装partial inversion部分倒装cohesion粘着性coherence连贯性unity统一性redundancy累赘correctness正确性communicative pfunction交际功能transitional words/phrases过渡词语logical connectors逻辑纽带grammatical connectors语法纽带coreference pro-form指代词comparative reference对比照应parallel construction平行结构key word关键词synonym (near-synonym)同义词（近义词）sentence group句群（语段）text语篇 single-sentence group text单语段语篇 multi-sentence group text多语段语篇top sentence主题句topic sentence group主题语段supporting sentence辅助句supporting sentence