英语语法基本知识名词短语.docx

1、英语语法基本知识名词短语在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句 (Noun Clauses）。 名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。 一、引导名词性从句的连接词引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：连词：that（无任何词意）whether,if（均表示“是否”表明从句内容的不确定性）as if ,as though（均表示“好像”，“似乎”）以上在从句中均不充当任何成分连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom,whos

2、e, which.whichever,whomever连接副词：when, where, how, why不可省略的连词：1. 介词后的连词2. 引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。That she was chosen made us very happy.We heard the news that our team had won.比较：whether与if 均为是否的意思。 但在下列情况下，whether 不能被if 取代：1. whether引导主语从句并在句首2. 引导表语从句 3. whether从句作介词宾语4. 从句后有or not Whether he will com

3、e is not clear.大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末，用 it充当形式主语。It is not important who will go.It is still unknown which team will win the match. 二. 主语从句作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that，whether，if和连接代词what，who，which，whatever，whoever以及连接副词how，when，where，why等词引导。that在句中无词义，只起连接作用；连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用，在从句中充当从句的成

4、分。例如：What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么，还不清楚。Who will win the match is still unknown. 谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。It is known to us how he became a writer. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 英语晚会将在哪里举行，还没有宣布。有时为避免句子头重脚轻，常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于

5、句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下：（1） It + be + 名词 + that从句（2）It + be + 形容词 + that从句（3）It + be + 动词的过去分词 + that从句（4）It + 不及物动词 + that 从句另注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should) +do”，常用的句型有：It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.) that It i

6、s suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that 三、宾语从句名词句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样，在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。1. 由连接词that引导的宾语从句由连接词that引导宾语从句时，that在句中不担任任何成分，在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去，但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。例如：He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow. 他已经告诉我他明天要去上海。We must nev

7、er think (that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing. 我们决不能认为自己什么都好，别人什么都不好。注意：在demand、order、suggest、decide、insist, desire, request, command等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后，宾语从句常用“（should）+ 动词原形”。例如：I insist that she (should) do her work alone. 我坚持要她自己工作。The commander ordered that troops

8、(should) set off at once. 司令员命令部队马上出发。2. 用who，whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句，应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。例如：I want to know what he has told you. 我想知道他告诉了你什么。 She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。She will give whoever needs help

9、 a warm support. 凡需要帮助的人，她都会给予热情的支持。3. 用whether或if引导的宾语从句，其主语和谓语的顺序也不能颠倒，仍保持陈述句语序。此外，whether与if 在作“是否”的意思讲时在下列情况下一般只能用whether，不用if：a. 引导主语从句并在句首时；b. 引导表语从句时；c . 引导从句作介词宾语时；d. 从句后有“or not”时；e. 后接动词不定式时。例如：Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。The question is wh

10、ether she should have a low opinion of the test?Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。I wonder whether he will come or not. 我想知道他来还是不来。Can you tell me whether to go or to stay? 你能否告诉我是去还是留？4. 注意宾语从句中的时态呼应，当主句动词是现在时，从句根据自身的句子情况，而使用不同时态。例如：he studies English every day. （从句用

11、一般现在时）he studied English last term. （从句用一般过去时）I know (that) he will study English next year. （从句用一般将来时）he has studied English since 1998. （从句用现在完成时）当主句动词是过去时态（could, would除外），从句则要用相应的过去时态，如一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时等；当从句表示的是客观真理，科学原理，自然现象，则从句仍用现在时态。例如：The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America 5. t

12、hink, believe, imagine, suppose等等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中，要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。例如：We dont think you are here. 我们认为你不在这。I dont believe he will do so. 我相信他不会这样做。 四、表语从句在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样，表语从句位于连系动词后，有时用as if引导。其基本结构为：主语 + 系动词 + that从句。例如：The fact is that we have lost the game. 事实

13、是我们已经输了这场比赛。Thats just what I want. 这正是我想要的。This is where our problem lies. 这就是我们的问题所在。That is why he didnt come to the meeting. 那就是他为什么不到会的原因。It looks as if it is going to rain. 看上去天要下雨了。需要注意的，当主语是reason时，表语从句要用that引导而不是because。例如：The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minut

14、e this morning .【注意】whether 可引导表语从句，但与之同义的if却通常不用于引导表语从句。 五、同位语从句同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that引导，可用于同位语从句的名词有advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word等。例如：The news that we won the game is exciting.我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。I

15、 have no idea when he will come back home. 我不知道他什么时候回来。The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. 他想到可能玛丽生病了。同位语从句和定语从句的区别： that作为关系代词，可以引导定语从句，充当句子成分，在从句中作宾语时可以省略； that引导同位语从句时，起连词的作用，没有实际意义，不充当句子成分，一般不能省略。 试比较下面两个例句: I had no idea that you were here（that引导同位语从句，不能省略）Have you got th

16、e idea（that）this book gives you of life in ancient Greece？（that引导定语从句，作宾语，可以省略） 六、名词性that-从句1）由从属连词that引导的从句叫做名词性that-从句。 That只起连接主句和从句的作用，在从句中不担任任何成分，本身也没有词义。名词性that-从句在句中能充当主 语、宾语、表语、同位语和形容词宾语，例如：主语：That he is still alive is sheer luck.他还活着全靠运气。宾语：John said that he was leaving for London on Wednes

17、day.约翰说他星期三要到伦敦去。表语：The fact is that he has not been seen recently.事实是近来谁也没有见过他。同位语：The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office. 近来谁也没有见过他，这一事实令办公室所有的人不安。形容词宾语：I am glad that you are satisfied with your job.你对工作满意我感到很高兴。2）That-从句作主语通常用it作先行词，而将that-从句置于句末，例如：It is qui

18、te clear that the whole project is doomed to failure.很清楚，整个计划注定要失败。Its a pity that you should have to leave.你非走不可真是件憾事。用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系：a. It + be +形容词+ that-从句It is necessary that有必要It is important that重要的是It is obvious that很明显b. It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句It is believed that人们相信It is kno

19、wn to all that从所周知It has been decided that已决定c. It + be +名词+ that-从句It is common knowledge that是常识It is a surprise that令人惊奇的是It is a fact that事实是d. It +不及物动词+ that-分句It appears that似乎It happens that碰巧It occurred to me that我突然想起 七、名词性wh-从句1）由wh-词引导的名词从句叫做名词性wh-从句。Wh-词包括who, whom,. whose, whoever, wha

20、t, whatever, which, whichever等连接代词和where, when, how, why等连接副词。Wh-从句的语法功能除了和that-从句一样外，还可充当介词宾语、宾语补语和间接宾语等，例如：主语： How the book will sell depends on its author.书销售如何取决于作者本人。直接宾语：In ones own home one can do what one likes.在自己家里可以随心所欲。间接宾语：The club will give whoever wins a prize.俱乐部将给得胜者设奖。表语： My questi

21、on is who will take over president of the Foundation.我的问题是谁将接任该基金会主席职位。宾语补足语：She will name him whatever she wants to. 她高兴给他起什么名字就取什么名字。同位语：I have no idea when he will return.我不知道他什么时候回来。形容词宾语：Im not sure why she refused their invitation.我尚不能肯定她为什么拒绝他们的邀请。介词宾语：That depends on where we shall go.那取决于我们

22、去哪儿。2）Wh-从句作主语也常用先行词it做形式主语，而将wh-从句置于句末，例如：It is not yet decided who will do that job.还没决定谁做这项工作。It remains unknown when they are going to get married.他们何时结婚依然不明。 八、if, whether引导的名词从句1）yes-no型疑问从句从属连词if, whether引导的名词从句是由一般疑问句或选择疑问转化而来的，因此也分别被称为yes-no型疑问句从句和选择型疑问从句，其功能和wh-从句的功能相同， 例如：主语：Whether the p

23、lan is feasible remains to be proved. 这一计划是否可行还有等证实。宾语：Let us know whether / if you can finish the article before Friday.请让我们知道你是否能在星期五以前把文章写完。表语：The point is whether we should lend him the money.问题在于我们是否应该借钱给他。同位语：They are investigating the question whether the man is trustworthy.他们调查他是否值得信赖。形容词宾语：

24、 Shes doubtful whether we shall be able to come.她怀疑我们是否能够前来。介词宾语： I worry about whether he can pass through the crisis of his illness.我担心他是否能度过疾病的危险期。2）选择性疑问从句选择性疑问从句由关联词if/whetheror或whetheror not构成，例如：Please tell me whether / if they are Swedish or Danish. 请告诉我他们是瑞典人还是丹麦人。I dont care whether you li

25、ke the plan or not.我不在乎你是否喜欢该计划。if和whether的区别： 1、 在动词不定式之前只能用whether 。如： 例8 I cant decide whether to stay. 我不能决定是否留下。 2、 在whether or not 的固定搭配中。如： 例9 I want to know whether its good news or not . 我想知道是否是好消息。 3 、在介词后，只能用whether。如： 例10 His father is worried about whether he lose his work . 他的父亲担心是否会失去

26、工作。 4、宾语从句放在句首表示强调时，只能用whether 。如： Whether this is true or not, I really dont know. 这是否真的，我真的不知道。（例11 Whether they can finish the work on time is still a problem . 他们是否能准时完成这项工作还是个问题。此例为主语从句，有误，感谢指出） 5、用if会引起歧义时，只用whether。如： 例12 Could you tell me if you know the answer ? 这句话有两种意思：“你能告诉我是否知道答案吗？”或“如果

27、你知道答案，请告诉我，好吗？”。如用whether可避免歧义. 九、否定转移1) 将think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定式，而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。I dont think I know you.我想我并不认识你。I don t believe he will come.我相信他不回来。注意：若谓语动词为hope,宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。I hope you werent ill. 我想你没有生病吧。2) 将seem, appear 等后的从句的否定转移到前面。It d

28、oesnt seem that they know where to go.看来他们不知道往哪去。It doesnt appear that well have a sunny day tomorrow.看来我们明天不会碰上好天气。3) 有时将动名词，介词短语或整个从句的否定转变为对谓语动词的否定。I dont remember having ever seen such a man.我记得从未见过这样一个人。 (not否定动名词短语 having)Its not a place where anyone would expect to see strange characters on th

29、e street. 在这里，人们不会想到在街上会碰上陌生的人。(anyone 作主语，从句中的谓语动词不能用否定形式。)4) 有时状语或状语从句中否定可以转移到谓语动词前。The ant is not gathering this for itself alone.(否定状语)蚂蚁不只是为自己采食。He was not ready to believe something just because Aristotle said so. (否定because状语) 他并不因亚里斯多德说过如何如何，就轻信此事。She had not been married many weeks when tha

30、t mans younger brother saw her and was struck by her beauty.(否定状语many weeks)她结婚还不到几个月，这个人的弟弟就看见她了，并对她的美貌着了迷。 十、高考热点透视1. _ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language. (NMET 1995)A. There B. This C. That D. It答案D。当名词从句在句中作主语时，为避免句子头重脚轻，常用it作形式主语置于句首，而将真正的主语从句放在句尾。此时it只起先行引导作用，本身无实义。此句也可以改写为：That English is being accepted as an international language is a fact.2A computer can only do _ you have instructed it to d