大脑及发育的词汇英汉对照.docx

1、大脑及发育的词汇英汉对照ventricle 脑室cerebellum 小脑cortex 皮质又称“皮层”。cerebral cortex 大脑皮质neocortex 新皮质white matter 白质gray matter 灰质frontal lobe 额叶prefrontal cortex 前额皮质premotor area 运动前区motor area 运动区Brocas area 布罗卡区temporal lobe 颞叶auditory area 听觉区auditory center 听觉中枢parietal lobe 顶叶central sulcus 中央沟occipital lob

2、e 枕叶visual area 视觉区visual cortex 视觉皮质association area of cerebral cortex 大脑皮质联合区association fiber 联合纤维limbic system 边缘系统hippocampal formation 海马结构hippocampus 海马olfactory area 嗅觉区cingulate gyrus 扣带回amygdala 杏仁核septal area 隔区medial forebrain bundle 内侧前脑束olfactory tract 嗅束commissural fiber 连合纤维corpus c

3、allosum 胼胝体basal ganglia 基底神经节diencephalon 间脑thalamus 丘脑hypothalamus 下丘脑suprachiasmatic nucleus 视交叉上核lateral hypothalamus area, LHA 外侧下丘脑区ventromedial hypothalamus, VMH 腹内侧下丘脑pineal body 松果体pituitary gland 脑垂体pyramidal system 锥体系统extrapyramidal system 锥体外系统specific thalamo-cortical projection system

4、 丘脑-皮质特异投射系统nonspecific thalamo-cortical projection system 丘脑-皮质非特异投射系统brain stem 脑干corpora quadrigemina 四叠体lateral geniculate nucleus 外侧膝状体核medial geniculate nucleus 内侧膝状体核formatic reticularis 网状结构cochlear nucleus 耳蜗神经核dorsal root 背根nerve 神经nerve cell 神经细胞nerve fiber 神经纤维nerve degeneration 神经退变neur

5、al regeneration 神经再生autonomic nervous system, ANS 自主神经系统cranial nerve 脑神经myelin sheath 髓鞘nervi olfactory 嗅神经nervi statoacusticus 听神经又称“位听神经”。nervi trigeminus 三叉神经nervous system, NS 神经系统sympathetic nervous system 交感神经系统parasympathetic nervous system 副交感神经系统peripheral nervous system 周围神经系统blood-brain

6、barrier, BBB 血脑屏障cerebrospinal fluid, CSF 脑脊液stereotaxic technique 立体定位技术magnetic resonance imaging, MRI 磁共振成象nuclear magnetic resonance, NMR 核磁共振magnetoencephalography, MEG 脑磁图描记术functional magnetic resonance imaging, fMRI 功能性磁共振成象microautoradiography 显微放射自显影术positron emission tomography, PET 正电子发射

7、层描记术neural computation 神经计算神经系统处理信息的一种基本算法, 即并行分布处理。brain modeling 脑模拟对某种神经生理过程和心理过程或某种脑功能进行数学模拟研究。steady potential 稳定电位spreading depression 扩散性抑制electroencephalograph 脑电图描记器electrode 电极electroencephalogram, EEG 脑电图spontaneous activity 自发活动spontaneous potential 自发电位synchronized wave 同步化波desynchroniz

8、ed wave 去同步化波又称“失同步化波”。 wave 波 wave 波 wave 波 wave 波evoked potential 诱发电位early component of evoked potential 诱发电位早成分late component of evoked potential 诱发电位晚成分event-related potential, ERP 事件相关电位P300 wave P300 波mismatch negativity, MMN 失匹配负波vertex positive wave 顶正波contingent negative variation, CNV 伴随性

9、负电位变化movement-related potential 运动关联电位sleep 睡眠sleep center 睡眠中枢slow wave sleep 慢波睡眠rapid eye movement sleep, REMS 快速眼动睡眠paradoxical sleep 异相睡眠pon-genicular occipital spike, PGO spike 桥膝枕峰ascending activating system 上行激活系统reticular activating system, RAS 网状激活系统wakefulness 觉醒brain mechanism 脑机制excitat

10、ion 兴奋inhibition 抑制lateral inhibition 侧抑制postsynaptic inhibition 突触后抑制presynaptic inhibition 突触前抑制integration 整合autonomic response 自主反应neuron 神经元polymodal neuron 多模式神经元simple cell 简单细胞complex cell 复杂细胞hypercomplex cell 超复杂细胞nerve impulse 神经冲动action potential 动作电位depolarization 去极化membrane potential

11、膜电位resting potential 静息电位polarization 极化saltatory conduction 跳跃式传导all-or-none law 全或无定律microelectrode 微电极activity-dependent reinforcement mechanism 活动依存性强化机制graded potential 级量电位随刺激强度而改变电位幅值。dendrite 树突synapse 突触synaptic plasticity 突触可塑性excitatory synapse 兴奋性突触excitatory postsynaptic potential, EPSP

12、 兴奋性突触后电位heterosynaptic facilitation 异源性突触易化homosynaptic inhibition 同源性突触抑制inhibitory postsynaptic potential, IPSP 抑制性突触后电位synaptic vesicle 突触囊泡effector 效应器receptive field 感受野doso-visual system 视觉背侧系统spatial frequency column 空间频率柱electroretinogram, ERG 视网膜电图photoreceptor 光感受器cone cell 视锥细胞rod cell 视

13、杆细胞visual pigment 视色素rhodopsin 视紫红质cyanopsin 视蓝质iodopsin 视紫蓝质eye blink response 眨眼反射convergence eye movement 眼球辐辏运动conjugate eye movement 眼球共轭运动pursuit movement 跟随运动eye microtremor 眼球微震颤gate control theory 闸门控制理论olfactory cell 嗅细胞chemoreceptor 化学感受器neurotransmitter 神经递质acetylcholine, ACh 乙酰胆碱acetylc

14、holine esterase, AChE 乙酰胆碱酯酶-aminobutyric acid, GABA -氨基丁酸5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT, serotonin 5-羟色胺dopamine, DA 多巴胺noradrenaline, NA, norepinephrine, NE 去甲肾上腺素receptor 受体neurohormone 神经激素hypophysis 垂体vasopressin 加压素somatotropin 生长素gonadotrophic hormone, GTH 促性腺激素target cell 靶细胞adrenaline 肾上腺素pherom

15、one 外激素endocrine system 内分泌系统endocrine gland 内分泌腺thyroid gland 甲状腺adrenal gland 肾上腺adrenocorticotropic hormone 促肾上腺皮质激素gonad 性腺androgen 雄激素testosterone 睾丸素estrogen 雌激素insulin 胰岛素neuropeptide 神经肽endorphin 内啡肽dynorphin 强啡肽enkephalin 脑啡肽substance P, SP P 物质prostaglandin, PG 前列腺素antagonist 拮抗物puromycin

16、嘌呤霉素chromosome 染色体ribonucleic acid, RNA 核糖核酸gene 基因gene mutation 基因突变nucleic acid 核酸nucleus 细胞核deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA 脱氧核糖核酸neurotoxic substance 神经毒物neurotoxin 神经毒素neurotrophic factor 神经营养因子nootropic drug 促智药Babinski reflex 巴宾斯基反射Moro reflex 莫罗反射rooting reflex 觅食反射sucking reflex 吮吸反射oral stage 口

17、唇期anal stage 肛门期phallic stage 生殖器期embryo 胚胎fetus period 胎儿期neonatal period 新生儿期babyhood 婴儿期childhood 童年期preschool period 学前期juvenile period 少年期adolescence 青少年期puberty 青春期又称“发身期”。adulthood 成年期infant 婴儿genius 天才gifted child 天才儿童only child 独生儿童handicapped child 残障儿童exceptional child 特殊儿童problem child 问

18、题儿童child psychology 儿童心理学psychology of aging 老年心理学developmental psychology 发展心理学genetic psychology 发生心理学pedology 儿童学constructivism 构造论genetic epistemology 发生认识论life-span perspective 毕生发展观social learning theory 社会学习理论growth 生长maturation 成熟phylogenesis 种系发生ontogenesis 个体发生critical period 关键期developmen

19、t 发展developmental level 发展水平developmental norm 发展常模developmental stage 发展阶段cognitive development 认知发展adolescent growth spurt 青少年发育徒增early experience 早期经验zone of proximal development 最近发展区aging 老化socialization 社会化acquisition 习得adaptation 适应adjustment 调整chronological age, CA 实足年龄age characteristics 年龄

20、特征congenital attribute 先天属性contextual model 情景模式transition 转换imitation 模仿instinctive behavior 本能行为plasticity 可塑性指个体心理和行为特征因生活条件的改变或学习而发生变化。play 游戏midlife crisis 中年危机child psychosis 儿童精神病survey method 调查法case study 个案研究naturalistic observation 自然观察clinical method 临床法product analysis method 作品分析法diary

21、 method 日记法ecological approach 生态学方法consanguinity study 血缘关系研究twin study 双生子研究longitudinal design 纵向设计cross-sectional design 横断设计sequential design 连续系列设计peer rating 同伴评定habituation 习惯化babbling 咿呀语cooing 喔啊声echolalia 模仿言语telegraphic speech 电报式言语holophrase 婴儿的单词语sensorimotor stage 感觉运动阶段preoperational

22、 stage 前运思阶段又称“前运算阶段”。concrete operational stage 具体运思阶段又称“具体运算阶段”。formal operational stage 形式运思阶段又称“形式运算阶段”。object permanence 物体存继性conservation 守恒circular response 循环反应decalage 滞差decentration 脱中心性egocentrism 自我中心equilibrium 平衡internalization 内化intuitive thinking 直觉思维reciprocity 互反性reversibility 可逆性s

23、ymbolic capacity 象征能力transitivity 转移性classification 分类crystallized intelligence 晶态智力fluid intelligence 液态智力hyperlexia 阅读早慧reading readiness 阅读准备mental retardation 智力落后subnormal child 低常儿童supernormal child 超常儿童talented child 才智儿童autonomous morality 自律道德heteronomous morality 他律道德conventional morality 习俗道德postconventional morality 后习俗道德preconventional morality 前习俗道德moral dilemma 道德两难ego 自我self-concept 自我概念self-esteem 自尊sex difference 性别差异