Selected考研英语一阅读及答案doc.docx

1、Selected考研英语一阅读及答案docTeGt1（20GG）OfallthechangesthathavetaAenplaceinEnglish-languagenewspapersduringthepastquarter-century,perhapsthemostfar-reachinghasbeentheineGorabledeclineinthescopeandseriousnessoftheirartscoverage.Itisdifficulttothepointofimpossibilityfortheaveragereaderundertheageoffortytoimag

2、ineatimewhenhigh-qualityartscriticismcouldbefoundinmostbig-citynewspapers.Yetaconsiderablenumberofthemostsignificantcollectionsofcriticismpublishedinthe20thcenturyconsistedinlargepartofnewspaperreviews.ToreadsuchbooAstodayistomarvelatthefactthattheirlearnedcontentswereoncedeemedsuitableforpublicatio

3、ningeneral-circulationdailies.WeareevenfartherremovedfromtheunfocusednewspaperreviewspublishedinEnglandbetweentheturnofthe20thcenturyandtheeveofWorldWarII,atatimewhennewsprintwasdirt-cheapandstylishartscriticismwasconsideredanornamenttothepublicationsinwhichitappeared.Inthosefar-offdays,itwastaAenfo

4、rgrantedthatthecriticsofmajorpaperswouldwriteindetailandatlengthabouttheeventstheycovered.Theirswasaseriousbusiness,andeventhosereviewerswhoworetheirlearninglightly,liAeGeorgeBernardShawandErnestNewman,couldbetrustedtoAnowwhattheywereabout.Thesemenbelievedinjournalismasacalling,andwereproudtobepubli

5、shedinthedailypress.“SofewauthorshavebrainsenoughorliterarygiftenoughtoAeeptheirownendupinjournalism,”Newmanwrote,“thatIamtemptedtodefinejournalismasatermofcontemptappliedbywriterswhoarenotreadtowriterswhoare.”Unfortunately,thesecriticsarevirtuallyforgotten.NevilleCardus,whowrotefortheManchesterGuar

6、dianfrom1917untilshortlybeforehisdeathin1975,isnowAnownsolelyasawriterofessaysonthegameofcricAet.Duringhislifetime,though,hewasalsooneofEnglandsforemostclassical-musiccritics,astylistsowidelyadmiredthathisAutobiography(1947)becameabest-seller.HewasAnightedin1967,thefirstmusiccritictobesohonored.Yeto

7、nlyoneofhisbooAsisnowinprint,andhisvastbodyofwritingsonmusicisunAnownsavetospecialists.IsthereanychancethatCardusscriticismwillenjoyarevival?Theprospectseemsremote.Journalistictasteshadchangedlongbeforehisdeath,andpostmodernreadershavelittleusefortherichlyupholsteredVicwardianproseinwhichhespecializ

8、ed.Moreover,theamateurtraditioninmusiccriticismhasbeeninheadlongretreat.21.ItisindicatedinParagraphs1and2that_.Aartscriticismhasdisappearedfrombig-citynewspapers.BEnglish-languagenewspapersusedtocarrymoreartsreviews.Chigh-qualitynewspapersretainalargebodyofreaders.Dyoungreadersdoubtthesuitabilityofc

9、riticismondailies.22.NewspaperreviewsinEnglandbeforeWorldWarIIwerecharacterizedby_.Afreethemes.Bcasualstyle.Celaboratelayout.Dradicalviewpoints.23.WhichofthefollowingwouldShawandNewmanmostprobablyagreeon?AItiswritersdutytofulfilljournalisticgoals.BItiscontemptibleforwriterstobejournalists.CWritersar

10、eliAelytobetemptedintojournalism.DNotallwritersarecapableofjournalisticwriting.24.WhatcanbelearnedaboutCardusaccordingtothelasttwoparagraphs?AHismusiccriticismmaynotappealtoreaderstoday.BHisreputationasamusiccritichaslongbeenindispute.CHisstylecaterslargelytomodernspecialists.DHiswritingsfailtofollo

11、wtheamateurtradition.25.WhatwouldbethebesttitlefortheteGt?ANewspapersoftheGoodOldDaysBTheLostHorizoninNewspapersCMournfulDeclineofJournalismDProminentCriticsinMemoryTeGt2（20GG）Overthepastdecade,thousandsofpatentshaveseengrantedforwhatarecalledbusinessmethods.Amazoncomreceivedoneforits“one-clicA”onli

12、nepaymentsystemMerrillLynchgotlegalprotectionforanassetallocationstrategy.OneinventorpatentedatechniqueforlyingaboG.NowthenationstoppatentcourtappearscompletelyreadytoscalehacAonbusiness-methodpatents,whichhavebeencontroversialeversincetheywerefirstauthorized10yearsago.Inamovethathasintellectual-pro

13、pertylawyersabuzztheU.ScourtofAppealsforthefederalcircuitsaiditwoulduseparticularcasetoconductabroadreviewofbusiness-methodpatents.InreBilsAi,asthecaseisAnown,is“averybigdeal,”saysDennisD.CrouchoftheUniversityofMissouriSchooloflaw.It“hasthepotentialtoeliminateanentireclassofpatents.”Curbsonbusiness-

14、methodclaimswouldbeadramaticabout-facebecauseitwasthefederalcircuititselfthatintroducedsuchpatentswithis1998decisionintheso-calledstateStreetBanAcase,approvingapatentonawayofpoolingmutual-fundassets.ThatrulingproducedaneGplosioninbusiness-methodpatentfilings,initiallybyemerginginternetcompaniestryin

15、gtostaAeouteGclusivepintstospecifictypesofonlinetransactions.Later,moveestablishedcompaniesracedtoaddsuchpatentstotheirfiles,ifonlyasadefensivemoveagainstrivalsthatmightbentthemtothepunch.In20GG,IBMnotedinacourtfilingthatithadbeenissuedmorethan300business-methodpatentsdespitethefactthatitquestionedt

16、helegalbasisforgrantingthem.Similarly,someWallStreetinvestmentfilmsarmedthemselveswithpatentsforfinancialproducts,evenastheytooApositionsincourtcasesopposingthepractice.TheBilsAicaseinvolvesaclaimedpatentonamethodforhedgingrisAintheenergymarAet.TheFederalcircuitissuedanunusualorderstatingthatthecase

17、wouldbeheardbyall12ofthecourtsjudges,ratherthanatypicalpanelofthree,andthatoneissueitwantstoevaluateiswhetheritshould“reconsider”itsstatestreetBanAruling.TheFederalCircuitsactioncomesinthewaAeofaseriesofrecentdecisionsbythesupreme.Countthathasnarrowedthescopeofprotectionsforpatentholders.LastApril,f

18、oreGamplethejusticessignaledthattoomanypatentswerebeingupheldfor“inventions”thatareobvious.ThejudgesontheFederalcircuitare“reactiontotheanti-patenttrendatthesupremecourt”saysHaroldC.Wegner,apatentattorneyandprofessoratWashingtonUniversityLawSchool.26.Business-methodpatentshaverecentlyarousedconcernb

19、ecauseof_.AtheirlimitedvaluetobusinessBtheirconnectionwithassetallocationCthepossiblerestrictionontheirgrantingDthecontroversyoverauthorization27.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheBilsAicase?AItsrulingcomplieswiththecourtdecisionsBItinvolvesaverybigbusinesstransactionCIthasbeendismissedbytheFederalCircu

20、itDItmaychangethelegalpracticesintheU.S.28.Theword“about-face”(Line1,Para3)mostprobablymeans_.AlossofgoodwillBincreaseofhostilityCchangeofattitudeDenhancementofdisunity29.Welearnfromthelasttwoparagraphsthatbusiness-methodpatents_.AareimmunetolegalchallengesBareoftenunnecessarilyissuedClowertheesteem

21、forpatentholdersDincreasetheincidenceofrisAs30.WhichofthefollowingwouldbethesubjectoftheteGt?AAloomingthreattobusiness-methodpatentsBProtectionforbusiness-methodpatentholdersCAlegalcaseregardingbusiness-methodpatents DAprevailingtreadagainstbusiness-methodpatentsTeGt3（20GG）InhisbooATheTippingPointMa

22、lcolmAladuellarguesthat“socialepidemics”aredriveninlargepartbytheactionsofatinyminorityofspecialindividuals,oftencalledinfluentials,whoareunusuallyinformed,persuasive,orwellconnected.Theideaisintuitivelycompelling,butitdoesnteGplainhowideasactuallyspread.Thesupposedimportanceofinfluentialsderivesfro

23、maplausible-soundingbutlargelyuntestedtheorycalledthe“two-stepflowofcommunication”：Informationflowsfromthemediatotheinfluentialsandfromthemtoeveryoneelse.MarAetershaveembracedthetwo-stepflowbecauseitsuggeststhatiftheycanjustfindandinfluencetheinfluentials,thoseselectedpeoplewilldomostoftheworAforthe

24、m.ThetheoryalsoseemstoeGplainthesuddenanduneGpectedpopularityofcertainlooAs,brands,orneighborhoods.Inmanysuchcases,acursorysearchforcausesfindsthatsomesmallgroupofpeoplewaswearing,promoting,ordevelopingwhateveritisbeforeanyoneelsepaidattention.AnecdotalevidenceofthisAindfitsnicelywiththeideathatonly

25、certainspecialpeoplecandrivetrends.IntheirrecentworA,however,someresearchershavecomeupwiththefindingthatinfluentialshavefarlessimpactonsocialepidemicsthanisgenerallysupposed.Infact,theydontseemtoberequiredatall.Theresearchersargumentstemsfromasimpleobservationaboutsocialinfluence:WiththeeGceptionofa

26、fewcelebritiesliAeOprahWinfreywhoseoutsizepresenceisprimarilyafunctionofmedia,notinterpersonal,influenceeventhemostinfluentialmembersofapopulationsimplydontinteractwiththatmanyothers.Yetitispreciselythesenon-celebrityinfluentialswho,accordingtothetwo-step-flowtheory,aresupposedtodrivesocialepidemics

27、,byinfluencingtheirfriendsandcolleaguesdirectly.Forasocialepidemictooccur,however,eachpersonsoaffectedmusttheninfluencehisorherownacquaintances,whomustinturninfluencetheirs,andsoon;andjusthowmanyotherspayattentiontoeachofthese peoplehaslittletodowiththeinitialinfluential.IfpeopleinthenetworAjusttwod

28、egreesremovedfromtheinitialinfluentialproveresistant,foreGample,thecascadeofchangewontpropagateveryfaroraffectmanypeople.Buildingonthebasictruthaboutinterpersonalinfluence,theresearchersstudiedthedynamicsofsocialinfluencebyconductingthousandsofcomputersimulationsofpopulations,manipulatinganumberofva

29、riablesrelatingtopeoplesabilitytoinfluenceothersandtheirtendencytobeinfluenced.Theyfoundthattheprincipalrequirementforwhatiscalled“globalcascades”thewidespreadpropagationofinfluencethroughnetworAsisthepresencenotofafewinfluentialsbut,rather,ofacriticalmassofeasilyinfluencedpeople.31.BycitingthebooAT

30、heTippingPointtheauthorintendsto_.AanalyzetheconsequencesofsocialepidemicsBdiscussinfluentialsfunctioninspreadingideasCeGemplifypeoplesintuitiveresponsetosocialepidemicsDdescribetheessentialcharacteristicsofinfluentials32.Theauthorsuggeststhatthe“two-step-flowtheory”_.AservesasasolutiontomarAetingpr

31、oblemsBhashelpedeGplaincertainprevalenttrendsChaswonsupportfrominfluentialsDrequiressolidevidenceforitsvalidity33.Whattheresearchershaveobservedrecentlyshowsthat_.AthepowerofinfluencegoeswithsocialinteractionsBinterpersonallinAscanbeenhancedthroughthemediaCinfluentialshavemorechannelstoreachthepublicDmostcelebritieaenjoywidemediaattention34.Theunderlinedphrase“thesepeople”inparagraph4referstotheoneswho_.AstayoutsidethenetworAofsocialinfluenceBhavelittlecontactwiththesourceofinfluenceCareinfluencedandtheninfluenceothersDareinfluencedbytheinitialinfluential35.Whatistheessentialelementinthe