物理专业英语翻译.docx

1、物理专业英语翻译第一章Our material world（ 物 质世界 ） is composed of many substances distinguished（ 区另U ） by their chemical, mechanical, and electricalproperties（ 特性）.They are found in nature in various physical states（ 物理状态）-the familiar solid, liquid, and gas, along with（ 连同）the ionicplasma （ 等离子体）However, the a

2、pparent diversity（ 多样性）of kinds andforms of material is reduced by the knowledge that there are only a little over 100 distinet chemical elements（元素）and that the chemical and physical features of substances depend merely on the strength of force bonds（ 结合）between atoms.我们的物质世界（物质世界）是由许多物质（以区别区别被其化工、

3、 机械、电气性能（特性）。他们是在大自然中找到的材料在不同的物理状态 （物理状态）而且熟悉的固体、液体和气体，随着（连同）离子“等离子体”（等离子体） 然而，明显的多样性（多样性）各类形式的资料将减少知识只有一个小超过 100种特定的化学元素（元素）,化学和物理特征的物质的力量仅仅看力债券 （结合）之间的原子。In turn（ 依次）,the distinctions between the elements of nature arise from（起于）the number and arrangement of basic particles（ 基本粒 子）electrons（ 电子）,p

4、rotons（ 质子）,and neutrons（ 中子）. At both the atomic and nuclear levels, the structure of elements is determined by internal forces and energy（ 内力和内能）.1.1 FORCES AND ENERGY力和能量）反过来（依次）,区别自然元素（源自起于）电话号码和安排基本粒子）-electrons 基本粒子（电子）,质子（质子）,和中子（中子）。在两个原子与核水平，结构是由元素的内力和能量（内力和内能）。11力量和能量（力和 冃匕里*If the specifi

5、c heat of ironis 0.45J/g C, how much en ergy is required to bring 0.5kg of iron from 0oC to 100 oC?如果的比热铁变形、0.45J / g 需要多少能量将铁 0.5kg从0(oC)到 100(oC)吗？*State the con cept oftemperature. Whats the differe nee betwee n the Celsius scale and Kelv inscale?国家温度的概念。有何区别式温标摄氏度的规模和吗 ？*Give some examples of SI

6、 un its?1.6 SUMMARY 概要)*Associated with each basic type of force is an en ergy, which may be tra nsformed to ano ther form forpractical use.The addition of thermal energy to a substanee causes an in crease in temperature, the measure of particle motio n.Electromag neticradiati on aris ing from elect

7、rical devices, atoms or nu clei maybe con sideredas composed of waves or of phot on s.Matter can be con verted into en ergy andvice versa (反之亦然);accord ing to Ei nstei ns formula E = mc .The en ergyof nu clear fissi on is millio ns of times as large as that from chemicalreacti on s.E nergy is fun da

8、me ntal to all of mans en deavors and in deed to his survival.举些例子SI单位简介（概要？ 1.6）与相关各基本类型的力量是一种力量 ，它可以被转化为实际使用另一种形式的热能。增加对某种物质的温度升高引起了一场的方法、质点运动。电磁辐射引起原子或核设备、电子可以被看作是由波或是的光子。物质可以转化为能量，反之亦然（反之亦然）;根据爱因斯坦的公式 E = mc2。这些能量的核子分裂在内也远在数百万倍大能量从化学反应。我们的基本人的努力 ，也正是为了他的性命第二章原子与原子核2.1ATOMIC THEORY （原子理论）A comple

9、te understanding of the microscopic structure of matter （ 物质微观结构 ）and the exact natureof the forces acting （ 作用力的准确性质 ）is yet to （ 有待于）be realized. However, excellent models have been developed to predict behavior to an adequate degree of accuracy for most practical purposes. These models are descri

10、ptive （ 描述的）or mathematical often based on analogy （类推）with large-scale process, onexperimental data （ 实验数据）,or on advanced theory.1.对物质的微观结构和作用力的准确性质的完全认识仍有待于实现。然而，为了实际的用途，能足够精确地预知物质在微观世界行为的模型已经被研究岀来。 这些模型是描述性的或数学的，基于对大尺度过程的类推、 实验数据或先进的理论。The most elementary concept （ 元素概念）is that matter is compose

11、d of individual particles （ 单个粒子）- atoms - that retain their identity （同一性, 特性）as elements in ordinary physical and chemicalinteractions. Thus a collection of helium atoms （ 氦原子）that forms a gas has a total weight that is thesum of the weights of the individual atoms. Also, when two elements combine

12、 （ 纟吉合）to form a compound （ 化合物）（e.g., if carbon atoms （ 碳原子）combine with oxygen atoms （ 氧原子）to form carbon monoxide molecules（一氧化碳分子 ）,the total weight of the new substance is the sum of the origin elements.2.公认的物质的概念是：物质是由单个粒子一一原子组成，在普通的化学和物理反应中原子保持了元素的 特性。因此，因此一团由氦原子组成的气体的重量就是其中每一个原子重量的总和。同样，当两种元

13、素结合成化合 物时（例如：碳原子与氧原子结合成一氧化碳分子。），新物质的总重量是原先的元素的质量之和。There are more than 100 known elements. Each is given an atomic number （ 原子序数）in the periodic tableof the elements （ 元素周期表）-examples are hydrogen （H） l, helium （He） 2, oxygen （O） 8, and uranium （U）92. The symbol Z is given to the atomic number, whic

14、h is also the number of electrons in the atom and determinesits chemical properties （ 性质）.The atomic weight （原子质量）Mis the weight in grams of a definite （明确的）number of atoms, 6.02 ： 1023 , which is Avogadro s number （阿佛伽德罗常数）,N.3.有超过100种的已知元素。每种元素在元素周期表中都有一个给定的原子序数。例如氢（ H 1,氦（He）2,氧（O） 8以及铀（U） 92。符号Z

15、表示原子序数，这也正是决定着原子化学性质的原子中电子的数目。4.原子量M （单位：克）是6.02 ： 1023个原子的质量之和。6.02 ： 1023就是阿佛伽德罗常数，用 2来表示。We can easily find the number of atoms per cubic centimeter （ 每立方厘米 ）in a substance if its densityM a:in grams per cubic centimeter is known. This procedure （ 程序, 手续）can be expressed as a convenient （ 便禾U的）fo

16、rmula for finding N, the number per cubic centimeter for any material如果每立方厘米内的物质密度 已知，我们就可以很容易地求出每立方厘米中原子的个数。任何物质中每立方厘米2.2GASES （气体）理想气体规Substances in the gaseous state （ 气态）are described approximately by the perfect gas law 律（方程）,relating pressure, volume, and absolute temperature （ 绝对温度）, pV=nkT.A

17、n increase in the temperature of the gas due to heating causes greater molecular motion, which resultsin an increase of particle bombardment （n 炮击； 轰击 ）of a container wall and thus of pressure on the wall.The particles of gas, each of mass m have a variety of（ 多种的）speeds v in accord with 与 一致pV=n kT

18、来近似地描述。温度上升 每种质量（ m的气体粒Maxwell s gas theory （麦克斯韦气体理论）as shown in Fig. 2.1.5.气态的物质可以用与压力、体积和绝对温度有关的理想气体规律方程将引起分子运动的加剧一一从而引起粒子对容器内壁的碰撞的增加而导致其压力的增大。（麦克斯韦分布 ）,is dependent子具有的不同速度与图 2.1所示的麦克斯韦理论一致。The most probable speed（最概然速率）,at the peak of Maxwellian distribution on temperature according to the rela

19、tion （ 关系式） The kinetic theory of gas （ 气体动力学）provides a basis for calculating properties such as the specific heat （比热）.Using the fact from Chapter l that the average energy of gas molecules is proportional （ 成比例的）tothe temperature, 巨 _ _3_wT can deduce （ 推想）,that the specific heat of a gas consist

20、ing only of3 2atoms c _k m , where mis the mass of one atom.2 从麦克斯韦分布图上可以看到，在其峰值处岀现的气体粒子的最概然速率，按照这个关系式，是与温度紧密相关的。气体动力学为计算诸如比热之类的一些性质提供了基础。 用第一章中气体分子的平均能量正比于温度的事实|kT ，我们可以推断出单元子气体的比热二3k m ，在公式中m是一个原子的质量。2.3THE ATOM AND LIGHT（原子与光） 2Until the 20th century the internal structure of atoms was unknown, b

21、ut it was believed that electric-5 timescharge （电荷）and mass were uniform （统一的）. Rutherfor performed （执行）somecrucial （至关紧要的 ）experiments in which gold atoms were bombarded by charged particles. He deduced （ 推断）in 1911 that most of the mass andpositive charge （正电荷） of an atom were concentrated （ 集中的）i

22、n a nucleus of radius only about l0 that of the atom, and thus occupying a volume of about 10 - l5 times that of the atom. The new view of atomsto E = hv, where h is当于）a frequency of 5.l （微小的）amount of energy.8. 在一定温度不同波长光的有规则分布可以用光是光子形式存在的假设来解释。这要吸收或者放出一定数量的能量E,根据公式 E = hv （这里的h表示普朗克常量6.63 X 10-34

23、J-sec ），能量与频率成正比。例如：频率 为5.l X l0 14的光的能量相当于（6.63 X IO-34） X （5.I X 1014） = 3.4 X IO-19 J，这通常被看做是非常微小的能量。paved the way for （ 为铺平道路 ）Bohr to find an explanation for the production of light.orbit has a radius R = 0.53 x 10 -l0 m, while the others have radii increasing as the square （平方）of integers（call

24、ed quantum numbers （ 量子数）.Thus if n is l, 2, 3, . . . , the radius of the nth orbit is R, = n2R .10.光子的能量hv等于两个轨道能量之差。最小轨道半径为 R = 0.53 x 10 -l0 m,其它轨道半径随着整数的平方（量子数）增长。因此，如果 n是1、2、3，那么第n层轨道半径应为 R = n2R。The energy of the atom system when the electron is in the first orbit is Ei = -l3.5 eV, where the n

25、egative sign （负号）means that energy must be supplied to remove the electron to a great distance and leave the hydrogen as a positive ion （阳离子）.The energy when the electron is in the nth orbit is e,=已/n 2. The various discrete （不连续的）levels are sketched （ 绘图）in Fig. 2.4.11.当电子在第一个轨道时，原子系统的能量为 E = -l3.5

26、 eV ，负号表示把电子移到一个较远的距离只剩下阳离子时外界必须提供的能量。电子处于 n轨道时，能量为 E = E1/n2,各种不连续的等级见图 2.4。The electronic structure of the other elements is described by the shell model （壳模型）,in which a limited number of electrons can occupy a given orbit or shell. The atomic number Z is unique （独特的）for each chemical element, an

27、d represents （ 描绘）both the number of positive charges on the central massive （ 结实的）nucleusof the atom and the number of electrons in orbits around the nucleus.The chemical behavior of elements is determined by the number of electrons in the outermost （ 最夕卜面的）or valence （ 原子价）shell.12.其它元素的电子模型是用壳模型来

28、描述的，一定限制数量的电子能够占据一个给定的轨道或壳层。对每一个化学元素，原子序数Z是唯一的，它代表了原子中央结实核子的正电荷数以及围绕核子的轨道的电子数。 最外层的电子数或化合价层，决定了元素的化学性质。2.4LASER BEAMS激光束）Ordinary light as in the visible range （ 可见区）is a mixture of many frequ phases（状态）.In contrast, light from a laser （ Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation ” ） co

29、nsists of a direct beam of one color and with the waves in step （ 相干）.Lasers can be constructed from several materials. The original one （1960） was the crystalline gemruby （ 水晶红宝石 ）.Others use gases such as a helium-neon（ 氦-氖）mixture, or liquids with dye in them,or semiconductor 半导体）.Lasers are wide

30、ly used where an intense （强烈的）well-directed beam is required, as in metal cutting and welding, eye surgery （眼部夕卜科手术 ）and other medical applications, and accurate surveying and rangefinding（ 精确的测量和测距 ）.Newer applications are noise-free phonographs （ 无噪声留声机 ，电唱机）,holograms （ 全息摄影）（3D images）, and comm

31、unication between airplane and submarine （ 潜水艇）.13.普通光，例如可见光区，是由许多频率、方向和状态不同的光混合而成的。相对的是，激光是由同一方向的单一颜色的光束组成，而且是相干波。激光的产生可以来源于多种材料。最早的一种是 1960年使用的水晶红宝石。其它的还可以用气体（如氦 -氖混合气体），或者染料液体，以及半导体来做激光发生器。激光可以被广泛地应用于需要良好方向性光/热束的地方，例如金属的切割与焊接，眼部外科手术及它医疗应用还有精确的测量和 测距上。新岀现的应用还包括无噪声留声机、全息摄影以及飞机和潜艇的通讯。Most elements a

32、re composed of particles of different weight, called isotopes （ 同位素）.For instance,hydrogen has three isotopes of weights in proportion l, 2, and 3 -ordinary hydrogen, heavy hydrogen （deuterium氘）,and tritium（ 氚）.The nu cleus of ordi nary hydroge n is the positively charged proton（ 带正电的质子 ）;the deuteron（ 氘核）consists of a proton plus a neutron, a neutral particle（ 中性粒子）of weight very close to that of thep