主谓一致知识点及习题1.docx

1、主谓一致知识点及习题1一. 动名词和现在分词在英语中，不作句子谓语，而具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词，叫做非谓语动词。动名词（the Gerund）和现在分词（the Present Participle）都是非谓语动词。动名词和现在分词在句子中能够做的成分：主语表语宾语定语状语补语同位语动名词可以可以可以可以（极少）可以现在分词可以可以可以可以动名词和现在分词的用法：（一）动名词：动名词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法功能。1、动名词的形式：主动语态被动语态一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done否定式：not + 动名词Seei

2、ng is believing. 眼见为实。（一般式）He came to the party without being invited. 他未被邀请就来到了晚会。（被动式）We remembered having seen the film. 我们记得看过这部电影。（完成式）He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old. 他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。（完成被动式）I regret not following his advice. 我后悔没听他的劝告。（否定式）2、动名词的句法功能：1）作主语：Co

3、llecting stamps is interesting. 集邮很有趣。当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语。Its no use crying. 哭是没用的。2）作表语：His hobby is collecting stamps. 他的爱好是集邮。3）作宾语：They havent finished building the dam. 他们还没有建好大坝。We have to prevent the air from being polluted. 我们必须阻止空气被污染。注意动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语，如上面两个例句。此外，动名词作宾语时，若跟有宾语补足语，则常用形式宾语i

4、t，例如：We found it no good making fun of others. 我们发现取笑他人不好。要记住如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语：enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid（避免）, excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit（承认），deny（否认）, mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk（冒险）,appreciate（感激）, be busy, be worth, feel like, cant stand, cant help, think of,dre

5、am of, be fond of, prevent(from), keep from, stop（from）, protectfrom,set about, be engaged in, spend(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like4）作定语：He cant walk without a walking-stick. 他没有拐杖不能走路。5）作同位语：The cave, his hiding-place is secret. 那个山洞，

6、他藏身的地方很秘密。His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged. 他收听收音机新闻节目的习惯仍未改变。（二）现在分词：现在分词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。1、现在分词的形式：分词主动语态被动语态一般式writingbeing written完成式having writtenhaving been written否定式：not + 现在分词1）现在分词的主动语态：现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，完成式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，常作状语。例如：Th

7、ey went to the park, singing and talking. 他们边唱边说向公园走去。Having done his homework, he played basketball. 做完作业，他开始打篮球。2）现在分词的被动语态：一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作，完成式表示发生在谓语动词之前的被动的动作。The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake. 被告诉了好

8、几遍，这个淘气的孩子又犯了同一个错误。2、现在分词的句法功能：1）作定语：现在分词作定语，当分词单独做定语时，放在所修饰的名词前，如果是分词短语做定语放在名词后。In the following years he worked even harder. 在后来的几年中，他学习更努力了。The man speaking to the teacher is our monitors father. 正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能，如：in the following years也可用in the years that followed, the m

9、an speaking 可改为the man who is speaking. 2）现在分词作表语：The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 正在这家上演的电影很棒。The present situation is inspiring. 当前的形势鼓舞人心。be + doing既可能表示现在进行时，也可能是现在分词做表语，它们的区别在于be + doing表示进行的动作是进行时，而表示特征时是系动词be与现在分词构成系表结构。3）作宾语补足语：如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语：see, watch, hear, feel, find, g

10、et, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave,catch等。例如：Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗？He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他让小汽车在门口等着。4）现在分词作状语：A）作时间状语：(While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker. 在工厂工作时，他是一名先进工人。B）作原因状语：Being a League member, h

11、e is always helping others. 由于是共青团员，他经常帮助他人。C）作方式状语，表示伴随：He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他呆在家里，又擦又洗。D）作条件状语：(If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time. 要是整天玩，你就会浪费宝贵的时间。E）作结果状语：He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了，结果摔得粉碎。F）作目的状语：He went swimming the other day.

12、几天前他去游泳了。G）作让步状语：Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon. 虽然雨下得很大，但不久天就晴了。H）与逻辑主语构成独立主格：I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my head. 我等汽车时，一只鸟落到我头上。All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly. 所有的票已经卖光了，他们失望地离开了。Time permitting, well do another two exercises. 如果时间允许

13、，我们将做另两个练习。有时也可用with (without) +名词（代词宾格）+分词形式With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 他点着灯睡着了。H）作独立成分：Judging from(by) his appearance, he must be an actor. 从外表看，他一定是个演员。Generally speaking, girls are more careful. 一般说来，女孩子更细心。二. 主谓一致 主谓一致是指: 谓语受主语支配，须和主语在人称、数上保持一致。处理主谓一致问题可依据三项原则：1） 语法形式上要一致，即单复数形式与谓

14、语要一致。2） 意义上要一致，即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。3） 就近原则，即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语，. 语法一致 语法一致的原则是指谓语动词和它的主语在语法形式上必须取得一致，即主语是单数形式，谓语动词也要用单数形式，主语是复数形式，谓语动词也要用复数形式，例如： The flower is beautiful. The flowers are beautiful. 1. 以单数名词或代词、动词不定式、动名词短语或从句作主语时,其谓语要用单数形式。 The man is his father. 2. 由and连接的并列单数主语的前边如果分别有each, eve

15、ry, 或no修饰时，其谓语要用单数形式。 In the class every boy and every girl has a book about science. 3. 主语是单数，其后尽管有as well as, no less than, rather than, more than, but, except, besides, with, along with, together with, like, including, in addition to等起连接作用的词语带其他名词，谓语动词仍用单数。 The teacher as well as the students lik

16、es to go fishing. 4. 某些不定代词，如either, neither, each, one, the other, another, anybody, anyone,anything, somebody, someone, something, every body, every one, everything, nobody, no one, nothing 等，当它们作主语时，通常用单数。 5用and或both and连接并列主语时，谓语用复数。但是：并列主语如果指的是同一人、同一事物或同一概念其谓语要用单数形式，这时and后面的名词没有冠词。 What he says

17、 and what he does do not agree. Truth and honesty is the best policy. . 意义一致 意义一致的原则是指谓语动词和主语的一致，是由主语所表达的单、复数概念来决定的，而不是根据主语的实际语法形式。有时主语的语法形式是单数形式，但所表达的概念是复数意义，这时动词应采用复数形式, 例如： 1. 有些集合名词，如family, team, group, crowd, crew, class, audience, government, company, committee等作主语时，如果看作一个整体用单数，如果就其中的一个成员而言，用

18、复数。 My family are watching TV. 我们全家在看电视。 The team are listening to the coach now. 队员们在听教练训话。 2. 表时间、距离、价格、度量等的复数名词或短语作为一个整体看时，谓语动词用单数。 Fifty years is a very long time. 3. 用作书名、剧名、报纸名、国名等复数名词作主谓时，谓语用单数。 “The Arabian Nights” is a very interesting story book. 4. 表总称意义的名词public, police, cattle, people（人

19、们、人民）作主语时，谓语动词用复数。 The police are on his track.警察在跟踪他。 .就近一致 就近一致是指谓语动词的人称和数要在形式上与最靠近它的那个名词或代词取得一致。在正式文体中，用连词or, eitheror, neithernor, whetheror, not onlybut also等连接并列主语，如果一个是单数，一个是复数，则谓语动词按就近一致原则，与最靠近它的主语一致, 例如： Tom or his brothers are waiting in the room. 汤姆或他的几个兄弟正在房间等候。 Neither you, nor I, nor a

20、nybody else knows anything about it. 你、我或其他任何人都不知道这件事。 What he does or what he says does not concern me. 他所做的或他所说的与我无关。 检测习题1.Twothirdsofthework_.A.hasdoneB.aredoneC.weredoneD.hasbeendone2.Theyoungerofthetwo_physics_difficulttolearn.A.think,isB.thinks,areC.think,areD.thinks,is3. I thought John was g

21、oing to join the Air Force. Didnt you hear he failed _the physical examination? A. passing B. to pass C. to be passed D. to have passed4.His“SelectedPoems”_published.Thesenewpoems_notselected.A.havebeen,areB.hasbeen,are C.hasbeen,isD.havebeen,is5. There is something wrong with the machine. What did

22、he want _ to this machine ? A. doing B. done C. doD. to do 6.Whathesaysanddoes_.A.resiststoeachotherB.donotagreeC.doesnotagreeD.arenoneofmybusiness7. Where are the Smiths going to live ? The Smiths are considering _ to Chicago. A. moving B. to move C. moveD. moved8.Thegirlsreplywasjustlike_.A.agrown

23、-upB.thatofagrown-upsC.thoseofagrown-upD.agrown-ups9. What do you expect me to do ? The house needs _. A. to be paint B. to paintC. being paintedD. painting10._isservedforbreakfast.A.SoapandwaterB.MilkandbreadC.Thebreadandbutter D.Thebreadandbutter11. What happens to your shoes ? They want _. A. to

24、mend B. mendingC. being mended D. mended12. Newsofvictories_pouringinasourarmyadvances. thecompanycommandersaid.A.keepB.keepsC.keptD.havekept13. Japanese is worthy _. A. to studyB. of being studied C. of studying D. studying14. Why did you go back upstairs? I thought I had left the window _. A. open

25、ing B. open C. being open D. to be open15.Zhangsfamily_ratherbigandhisfamily_fondofpopularmusic.A.is,areB.is,isC.are,isD.are,are16. Is there anything you want from town ? No, thank you, I would like to get _. A. those letters mailed B. mailed lettersC. to mail those lettersD. those letter mail17.Hen

26、ry,_MaryandTom,iscomingtoChinaforavisit.Whichiswrong?A.(together)withB.likeC.andnotD.butinadditionto18. What did your sister want you to do ? My sister had me _ that job all evening. A. doing B. to do C. did D. done19. The foreigner tried his best, but he still couldnt make his point _. A. understan

27、d B. understanding C. to understand D. understood20. The old Hostess stood _ for a moment when she saw a beggar appear before her suddenly. A. surprising B. to surprise C. surprisedD. having surprised21.Thepolice(family,team)_outinsearchofthemissingboy.A.goesB.hasgoneC.isD.are22. While studying last night, _. A. the lights went outB. I found myself suddenly in darknessC. the lights had gone outD. my father turned off the lights23. _ a fine day, we went out for a walk. A. Being B. It being C. Was D. To be24. _ deep down in the e