1、届人教版高考英语大一轮复习专用讲义 专题五 动词的时态与语态专题五动词的时态与语态一般时态一般时态一般现在时一般过去时分别表示现在、过去的经常性、习惯性动作或存在的状态一般将来时表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态,或将来某一段时间内经常发生的动作或存在的状态过去将来时表示从过去某一时间看将要发生的动作所谓一般时态,表示既不“进行”,又不“完成”。We have meals three times a day.我们一日吃三餐。(现在的习惯)He is always ready to help others.他总是乐于助人。(现在的状态)When I was a boy, I often went to
2、 play in that park.我小时候常去那个公园玩。(过去的习惯)1一般现在时(1)一般现在时的构成一般现在时主要用动词的原形表示,如果主语为第三人称单数,则一般在动词原形后加s或es,其变化规则如下表所示:情况规则例词一般情况加shelps, eats, rises, reads以s, sh, ch, x, o结尾的动词加esdiscussdiscussesteachteaches以辅音字母加y结尾的动词变y为iescarrycarriesflyflies(2)一般现在时的用法一般现在时除了可以表示现在的经常性、习惯性动作或存在的状态外,还可表示:客观真理、科学事实及自然现象。此用
3、法即使出现在过去语境中,也用一般现在时。The sun rises in the east.太阳从东方升起。用于here, there开头的倒装句中,一般现在时表示现在正在发生的动作或存在的状态。There goes the bell.铃响了。Here comes the bus.公共汽车来了。2一般过去时(1)一般过去时的构成一般过去时用动词的过去式表示,其规则动词变化方法如下表所示:情况规则例词一般情况加edpackpacked以辅音字母加y结尾的动词变y为iedcarrycarriedmarrymarried以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词双写辅音字母加edplanplannedcha
4、tchatted以不发音的e结尾的动词直接加dlikelikedprovideprovided(2)一般过去时的用法一般过去时除了可以表示过去经常性、习惯性的动作或存在的状态外,还有以下用法:want, hope, think, intend等动词的一般过去时往往表示“过去原”之意。I thought he was an honest man.我原以为他是个老实人。He didnt intend to hurt you.他本来没打算伤害你。wonder的一般过去时有时也可表示现在的行为,但口气要比用一般现在时更加委婉、客气。I wondered if you could do me a fav
5、our.我不知道你能否帮我一个忙。used to动词原形,表示过去的习惯性动作而现在已经不再发生了。We used to spend our vacation in the mountains.我们以前常常在山里度假。(暗示现在不再在山里度假了)3一般将来时(1)一般将来时的构成shall动词原形(第一人称)will动词原形(各种人称)(2)一般将来时的用法一般将来时除了可以表示将来的动作或存在的状态外,还有以下用法:will动词原形will可用来表示事物的固有属性或必然趋势。will表示将来,有时含偶然性、临时性决定的意思。Fish will die without water.离开水,鱼就
6、会死。Do you know Mr. Smith has come to our town?No. I will go and visit him right now.你知道史密斯先生来我们镇了吗?不知道。我现在就去看他。be going to动词原形“be going to动词原形”多用在口语中,表示“计划、打算要做某事”,此外,be going to还可表示根据现在的迹象对未来进行推断。He is going to speak on TV this evening.他今晚要在电视上讲话。Look at the dark clouds. It is going to rain.看这些乌云,要
7、下雨了。be about to动词原形/be on the point of动名词“be about to动词原形”及“be on the point of动名词”表示“立即的将来(immediate future)”,因此,这两种结构不与表示将来的具体时间状语连用,但可以和并列连词when(and at that time)引出的分句连用。The train is about to start.火车就要开了。The plane is on the point of taking off.飞机马上就要起飞了。有些动词如come, go, arrive, leave, begin, start等
8、,其现在进行时表示按计划、安排近期将要发生的动作。Im leaving for Beijing next month.下个月我要去北京。某些动词的一般现在时可以表示按计划、安排将要做的事情,这种用法常常用于介绍火车时刻表、飞机时刻表、作息安排表等内容。We must hurry up. The first class begins at eight oclock.我们必须快点。第一节课将在八点开始。be to动词原形用法例句表示“按计划或安排即将要做的事”She is to get married next month.她将于下个月结婚。表示“按照职责、义务、规定等应该做某事”,相当于shou
9、ld, ought toYou are to report it to the police.你应该报警。表示注定要发生的事情Your plan is to be a failure. 你的计划注定要失败。4过去将来时(1)过去将来时的构成should/would动词原形(2)过去将来时的用法过去将来时表示从过去某一时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。He said he would be here at nine oclock.他说他将在九点钟到这里。命题点感悟 单句语法填空(2018全国卷)The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that betw
10、een 2005 when the government _ (start) a soiltesting program that gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.解析:started根据破折号前的内容可知,此处说的是2005年发生的事情,应用一般过去时。(2018浙江6月高考)I _ (shock) when I learnt she hadnt cooked once in all that time.解析:wa
11、s shocked根据后面的learnt可知,此处应使用一般过去时态,又因I与shock是被动关系,故用被动语态。(2017浙江6月高考)Pahlsson and her husband _ (search) the kitchen, checking every corner, but turned up nothing.解析:searched根据后面的“but turned up nothing”可知,此处描述的是过去发生的行为,故要用一般过去时。(2017全国卷)Before getting into the car, I thought I had learned the instru
12、ctors orders, but once I started the car, my mind _ (go) blank.解析:went此处讲述的是发生在过去的事情,所以用一般过去时。(2017全国卷)When summer _ (come), they will invite their students to pick the fresh vegetables!解析:comes此处主句是一般将来时,when引导的时间状语从句应用一般现在时表示将来,且从句主语为第三人称单数,故应填comes。(2017全国卷)Sarah says,“My dad thinks I should take
13、 the offer now.But at the moment, school _(come) first.”解析:comes此句是直接引语,陈述客观事实,根据前面句子的谓语可知,动词come应该使用一般现在时。(2017全国卷)About one month after this photo was taken, I entered my second year of high school and _ (become) a new member of the school music club.解析:became句中的become和前面的entered是并列谓语,形式上应保持一致,故be
14、come应使用一般过去时。(2016浙江10月高考)“Daddy, Im so glad to see you,” I _ (whisper), “Im in town for the writers class, but I just couldnt miss your show.”解析:whispered此处是说作者说话声音很低,故用一般过去时态。进行时态1.进行时态的构成(1)考纲对进行时态要求掌握的时态包括:现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时,它们的形式分别为:(2)现在分词的构成形式:情况规则例词一般情况加ingtrytrying以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词双写辅音字母加ing
15、regretregrettingbanbanning以不发音的e结尾的动词去掉e,加inghatehatingdatedating2进行时态的用法(1)进行时态表示某一时刻或阶段内正在进行的动作或存在的状态,具有暂时性和未完成性的特点。I dont really work here; I am just helping out until the new secretary arrives.我并不在这里上班,我只是来帮忙,直到新秘书来了(我就走)。(暂时性)I am reading the book; I will finish it in a week.我正读那本书,一周后我就会读完了。(未
16、完成性)(2)表示某阶段正在进行的动作或发生的事,但此时此刻动作不一定正在进行,常与these days, this week等时间状语连用。We are making preparations for the final examination these days.这些天我们在为期末考试做准备。(此时此刻不一定在做)(3)表示反复出现的或习惯性的动作,往往含有赞赏、厌恶、遗憾等情绪,常与always, continually, constantly, forever, all the time等连用。He is always thinking of others first.他总是先想到他
17、人。He is always making the same mistake.他总是犯同样的错误。(4)有些动词的进行时态可以表示将来。(见一般将来时的用法)命题点感悟 单句语法填空(2018北京高考改编)Susan had quit her wellpaid job and _ (work) as a volunteer in the neighborhood when I visited her last year. 解析:was working句意:去年我拜访苏珊的时候,她已经辞去了那份高薪的工作,正在社区当志愿者。根据句意可知,此处强调过去的时间点正在进行的动作,因此用过去进行时。(2
18、017天津高考改编)I _(drive) down to London when I suddenly found that I was on the wrong road.解析:was driving句意:我正开车去伦敦,这时突然发现我走错路了。be doing . when .“正在做,这时突然”。(2014重庆高考改编)James has just arrived, but I didnt know he_(come) until yesterday.解析:was coming/would come句意:詹姆斯刚到,但是我直到昨天才知道他要来。根据句意可知,昨天才知道他将要来,所以要用过
19、去将来时,此处既可以用进行时表示将来,也可用would come。完成时态1现在完成时(1)表示从过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在,也许还将持续下去的动作或状态。常用的状语有:lately, recently, in the last/past few days/years(在过去的几天/年里),since then, up to now, so far(至今)等。Great changes have taken place in Hangzhou in the past few years.在过去的几年里杭州发生了巨大的变化。(2)表示过去发生已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果,注意这时
20、说话者说话的重心在过去的事情对现在造成的影响上。常用的状语有:already, just (刚刚), yet, before等。He has turned off the light.(The light is off now.)他已经关掉灯了。(3)在“最高级名词”或“It/This isthe first/second . time”之后的定语从句中,谓语动词用现在完成时。This is the best tea (that) I have ever drunk.这是我喝过的最好的茶了。(4)瞬间动词又叫非延续性动词、终止性动词。瞬间动词可以用于完成时态,但不可以接表示一段时间的状语;若要
21、接表示一段时间的状语,需要做一些相应的变换。He has come to Beijing since last year.()He has lived in Beijing since last year.()部分非延续性动词(短语)和延续性动词(短语)之间的转换:买buyhave 借borrowkeep结婚get marriedbe married 认识get to knowknow 离开leavebe away 回来come backbe back生病fall illbe ill 死亡diebe dead关闭turn offbe off 打开turn onbe on动身leave for
22、be off to 变成becomebe返回returnbe back 开始beginbe on睡觉go to bedsleep 穿put onhave on/wear来/去come/gobe in/away 参加joinbe a member of感冒take/get/catch a coldhave a cold入睡go to sleepbe asleep到达get to/arrive in (at)/reachbe in/stay2过去完成时(1)过去完成时表示过去某一时间或动作前已完成的动作或存在的状态(即表示“过去的过去”)。She had learned some English
23、before she came to our school.她在来我们学校前已学过一些英语了。(2)表示过去某一时间的动作或状态持续到过去的另一时间,还可能持续下去,常用的时间状语有:by/until/before/by the end of“表示过去的某一时间”。By then he had learned English for 3 years.到那时,他已学了三年英语了。(3)表示愿望、打算的词,如:hope, expect, mean, intend, want, suppose等,其过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的愿望或意图。I had hoped to see more of Shan
24、ghai.我本希望在上海多看看。(但未能如愿)(4)用于某些固定句型中:Hardly/Scarcely/Rarely . when .和No sooner . than .句型中, when和than从句里用一般过去时,主句用过去完成时,且用倒装,表示“刚刚就”。Hardly/No sooner had I got home when/than the rain poured down.我刚到家,大雨就倾盆而下。It was/had been一段时间since从句。since 从句的谓语用过去完成时。It was ten years since we had had such a wonder
25、ful time.我们有10年没那么高兴过了。That/It/This was the first/second . timethat从句。that 从句的谓语要用过去完成时。It was the third time (that) he had left the key at home.那是他第三次把钥匙落在家里了。3将来完成时将来完成时表示到将来某一时间,某一动作将会完成,常用的时间状语为“by将来的某个时间”。By this time of next year, all of you will have become college students.到明年的这个时候,你们就都成为大学生
26、了。命题点感悟 单句语法填空(2018全国卷)Diets have changed in China and so too has its top crop. Since 2011, the country _ (grow) more corn than rice.解析:has grown由时间状语Since 2011可知此处语境表示的是从过去的某个时间开始,一直持续到现在,故用现在完成时。且主语the country 是第三人称单数名词,故填has grown。(2018浙江11月高考)You probably _ (use) caffeine since childhood.解析:have
27、 used/have been using根据后面的“since childhood”可知,此处应使用现在完成时态或现在完成进行时态。(2018北京高考改编)Chinas highspeed railways _ (grow)from 9,000 to 25,000 kilometers in the past few years. 解析: have grown句意:在过去的几年,中国的高铁已从9 000 千米延长到25 000千米。“during/over/in the past/last时间段”作状语,句子应用现在完成时态。(2017全国卷)I _ (grow) not only phys
28、ically, but also mentally in the past few years.解析:have grown根据时间状语“in the past few years”可知,空处应该使用现在完成时。(2014浙江高考改编)Sofia looked around at all the faces: she had the impression that she_(see) most of the guests before.解析:had seen句意:索菲娅环视了所有的面庞,她有印象绝大多数的客人以前她都见过。根据谓语动词looked, had和时间状语before可知,是过去的事情
29、,而“以前见过”应该发生在这些动作之前,即“过去的过去”,故用过去完成时。完成进行时态1考纲对完成进行时态要求掌握的时态为现在完成进行时,其形式为:have/hasbeendoing。2现在完成进行时是现在完成时和现在进行时的组合,表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在并且还要继续下去的动作或表示到目前为止的一段时间里一直反复进行的动作,它既具备现在完成时的特征,又具备现在进行时的特征,如:它具备进行体的“未完性、暂时性、感情色彩”的特点。He has been learning English for 6 years.他学英语已经六年了。(从过去某一时间开始学英语,强调到现在还在学)It has
30、been raining for 3 days.已经下了三天雨了。(强调说话者“抱怨”的感情色彩)被动语态被动语态的基本用法:不知道或没有必要指明动作的执行者是谁时用被动语态;需要强调或突出动作的承受者或事件本身时也常用被动语态(by短语有时可以省略)。被动语态与时态结合,形成各种时态下的被动语态:现在时过去时将来时过去将来时一般式am/is/are donewas/were donewill/shallbe donewould/shouldbe done进行式am/is/arebeing donewas/werebeing done完成式have/hasbeen donehadbeen donewill/shallhave beend
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