泛读教程3第二版AnimalWelfare课文翻译.docx

1、泛读教程3第二版AnimalWelfare课文翻译unit3What is Animal Welfare?IntroductionHuman understanding of animals especially their sentience, needs and naturesis developing all the time.The physical states of poor welfare are more readily accessible and understandable(particularly for veterinarians,who undertook much

2、 of the early work on welfare).But new research leads naturally to greater understanding of mental states and needs and natures.This is particularly true of ethological research,including preference testing where animals preferences are measured and assessed.Thism ay be why earlier definitions of we

3、lfare centred on physical states,whereas the latest definitions have reflected the complex, multi-faceted nature of animal welfare. 人类对动物的理解 尤其是它们的感知、 需要和本性一直在发展。 身体状况不佳 的福利更容易获得，也更容易理解 (特别是对兽医来说，他们承担了 很多早期的福利工作 )。但新的研究自然会让人们对心理状态、需求 和本质有更深入的了解。动物行为学研究尤其如此， 包括“偏好测试”， 即测量和评估动物的偏好。 这也许就是为什么早期的福利定义以物质

4、状态为中心，而最新的定义反映了动物福利的复杂性和多面性。 Welfare v RightsIn brief,The difference between animal welfare and animal rights can be explained as below: Animal welfare denotes the desire to prevent unnecessary animal suffering(that is,whilst not categorically opposed to the use of animals,wanting to ensure a good q

5、uality of life and humane death). 动 物福利指的是希望避免不必要的动物痛苦 (即，虽然没有明确反对使 用动物，但希望确保良好的生活质量和人道的死亡 )。Animal rights denotes the philosophical belief that animals should have rights,including the right to live their lives free of human intervention(and ultimate death at the hands of humans).Animal rightists a

6、re philosophically opposed to the use of animals by humans (although some accept symbiotic relationships,such as companion animal ownership).动物权利指的是一种哲学信仰， 即动物应该拥有权 利，包括不受人类干涉 (以及最终死于人类之手 )地生活的权利。动物 右翼分子在哲学上反对人类使用动物 (尽管有些人接受“共生”关系， 比如伴侣动物所有权 )。Welfare v Conservation福利 v 保护The key difference between

7、conservation and animal welfare is that conservation cares about species(and extinction)whereas animal welfare cares about the individual animal (and its suffering).Animal welfarists belief that each individual animal has an intrinsic value,and should be respected and protected.They recognise that a

8、nimals have biologically determined instincts,interests and natures,and can experience pain and suffer,and believe that they should therefore be permitted to live their lives free from avoidable suffering at the hands of humans. It is not difficult to see why the conservation movement has attracted

9、support more readily than the animal welfare movement.Animal welfare requires greater altruism and empathy than conservation. Care for conservation can be generated by human-centred objectives, such as not wanting species to become extinct because of the loss for future generations（of humans）. Altho

10、ugh many people now recognise that animals feel pain and suffer,this comes lower down on their list of priorities for action and may indeed challenge their own lifestyle and habits. 保护和动物福 利的关键区别在于，保护关心的是物种 （和灭绝 ），而动物福利关心的 是单个动物 （和它的痛苦 ）。动物福利主义者相信每一只动物都有其内 在价值，应该得到尊重和保护。他们认识到，动物具有由生物学决定 的本能、兴趣和天性，能够

11、经历痛苦和痛苦，因此，他们认为，动物 应该被允许在生活中免受人类可以避免的痛苦。 不难看出为什么自然 保护运动比动物福利运动更容易得到支持。 动物福利需要比保护动物 更大的利他主义和同情心。保护可以通过以人为中心的目标来产生， 例如不希望物种因为 （人类 ）后代的损失而灭绝。尽管许多人现在认识 到动物会感到痛苦和痛苦，但这在他们的优先行动清单上排名靠后， 可能确实会挑战他们自己的生活方式和习惯。Welfare DefinedWelfare is not just absence of cruelty or unnecessary suffering .It is much more compl

12、ex.It includes the following different states: 福利不仅 仅是没有残酷或“不必要的痛苦” 。它要复杂得多。它包括以下不同 的状态:Physical State: traditionally definitions centred on the physical state ofanimals. However, it is a simplistic view that welfare is only poor when survival or reproduction is impaired by a physical problem传. 统上，

13、动物的生理状态是定义的中心。然而，有一种过于简单的观点认为， 只有当生存或生殖受到生理问题的损害时，福利才会低下。Mental State: Mental states play an important role in welfare.These states are becoming increasingly understood and explored,including by scientists.精神状态在福利中起着重要作用。 这些状态正在被越来越多 的人理解和探索，包括科学家。Naturalness:T he third statenaturalness refers to th

14、e ability ofthe animal to fulfil its natural needs and desires.The frustration of these harms its welfare.This third dimension has been recently recognised and added.自然:第三种状态自然是指动物满足其自然需要和欲 望的能力。 这些挫折损害了它的福利。 这第三个维度最近得到了承认 和补充。The definition ofanimal welfare is often debated.However,these three stat

15、es,which are given in the definition given by WSPA in its Concepts of Animal Welfare veterinary training resource,provide the most comprehensive to date.动物福利的定义经常引起争论。然而， WSPA 在其兽医培训资源的 “动物福利概念” 中对这三个国家的定义是迄今 为止最全面的。Five FreedomsThe five freedoms,which were originally developed by the UKs Farm Anima

16、l Welfare Council(FAWC),provide valuable guidance on animal welfare.They are now internationally recognised,and have been adapted slightly since their formulation.The current form is: 最初由英国农场动物 福利委员会 (FAWC制) 定的“五项自由”为动物福利提供了宝贵的指导。 它们现在已得到国际承认， 自其提法以来已略有调整。 目前的形式是 :Freedom from hunger and thirst read

17、y access to water and a diet to maintain health and vigour 远离饥饿和干渴，获得水和饮食，以保持 健康和活力Freedom from discomfort by providing an appropriate environment including shelter and a comfortable resting area通过提供一个适当的环 境，包括住所和一个舒适的休息区域，从不安中解脱出来Freedom from pain,injury and disease by prevention or rapid diagnosis

18、 and treatment 通过预防或快速诊断和治疗避免疼痛、 伤害和 疾病Freedom to express normal behaviour by providing sufficient space,proper facilities and company ofthe animals own kind 通过提供足 够的空间、适当的设施和动物同伴来表达正常行为的自由Freedom from fear and distress by ensuring conditions and treatment which avoid mental suffering 通过确保避免精神痛苦的条件

19、和治疗，从恐惧和痛苦中解脱出来They cover all three of the states identified by WSPA above.它们覆盖上 述 WSPA标识的所有三个陈述。They are ideal states,and it is recognized that some freedoms may conflict in a situation where animals are cared for by man e.g.the conflict between treatment(such as veterinary treatment)to cure illnes

20、s/disease and freedom from fear and distress(that may be caused by the handling and procedure).他们是理想的国家，人们认识到，在动物由人照顾的 情况下，某些自由可能会发生冲突。治疗 (如兽医治疗 )治疗疾病与免 于恐惧和痛苦 (可能由处理和程序引起 )之间的冲突。NeedsThe term needsis often used in discussions on welfare,as needs are the things that should be provided to ensure an a

21、nimal s welfare.“需要” 一词常用于有关福利的讨论中， 因为需要是为确保动物福利而应提供 的东西。A need is: A requirement,fundamental in the biology ofthe animal,to obtain a particular resource or respond to a particular environmental or bodily stimulus. Needs may include a range ofprovisions such as food,water,comfort,avoidance of infect

22、ious disease and environmental enrichment.For animals under our care it is a human ethical responsibility to provide for their needs.需求是 :“获取特定资源或对特定环境或身体刺激作出反应的一种要求，这是动物生物学的基本要求。”“需求可能包括一系列的供应，比如食物、水、舒适度、避免传染病和丰富环境。”对我们照料的动物来说，满足它们的需要是人类 的道德责任。Different needs have different levels of importance to

23、animals.Observing effects after withdrawal of needs provides an indication of their relative importance. 不同的需求对动物有不同的重要性。 在需求退出后观察效 果，可以看出它们的相对重要性。Sentience感知There is now widespread recognition of the sentienceof animals,which reinforces the need to protect welfare.The European Union has officially

24、recognised animals to be Sentient Beings(1997).Sentience implies that animals:现在人们普遍认识到动物的“感知能力” ，这就加强了保 护动物福利的必要性。 1997 年，欧盟正式承认动物为“有情生物” 。 感知意味着动物 :Are aware oftheir own surroundings 了解他们自己的环境Have an emotional dimension 有情感维度Are aware ofwhat is happening to them 知道他们身上发生了什么Have the abilityto learn

25、 from experience 有能力从经验中学习Are aware of bodily sensations pain,hunger,heat,cold etc.意识到身 体的感觉疼痛、饥饿、热、冷等。Are aware oftheir relationships with other animals 意识到它们与其他动物的关系Have the ability to chose between different animals,objects and situations 有能力在不同的动物、物体和环境中做出选择 Welfare Assessmen福t 利评估Animal welfare

26、 has developed into a science in its own right and as a result there is a growing amount of research into this subject.This research is funded by governments, corporations and industry bodies,welfare groups and other agencies.It is often used as the basis for the reform of animal welfare legislation

27、.It is also used to improve conditions for animals reared for food,used in research,kept in captivity or as companion animals. 动物福利本身已经发展成为一门科学，因此 对这门学科的研究越来越多。这项研究由政府、公司和行业团体、福 利团体和其他机构资助。 它经常被用作动物福利立法改革的基础。 它 也被用来改善动物饲养的食物， 用于研究， 圈养或作为伴侣动物的条 件Three components are important for a welfare assessment

28、:-Use the Five Freedoms as the framework以五种自由为框架Assess welfare inputs and outputs评估福利投入和产出Quantify problem using Severity,Duration and Number of animals affected. 使用受影响动物的严重程度、持续时间和数量来量化问题。 Inputs are the factors that affect welfare. Outputs are the actual impact of these factors on welfare.投入是影响福利的

29、因素。 产出是这些因素对福利的实际影响。Examples of three types of welfare inputs are:-Stockman-Empathy,Knowledge,Observation skills畜牧同理心 ,知 识,观察技能Environment-Housing, Bedding, Feed quality, Water provision环境 -住房、草垫、饲料质量、供水Animal-Suitable breed,age and sex for the system动. 物适合系统 的品种、年龄和性别。Physiological measures of welf

30、are include:-Heart rate 心率Respiratory rate 呼吸速率Adrenal habituation 肾上腺习惯化Blood pressure血压Catecholamines(adrenaline and noradrenaline儿) 茶酚胺 (肾上腺素和 去甲肾上腺素 )Enzymes and metabolites酶和代谢产物However,measures of welfare should be applied with caution.WSPA s Concepts of Animal Welfarerefers to different compo

31、nentsof welfare,ofwhich welfare science is one 然而，福利措施的应用应谨慎。 WSPA的“动物福利概念”是指福利的不同“组成部分” ，福利科学就 是其中之一Welfare scienceAnimal ethicsWelfare lawIt is arguable that law is simply the practical application ofthe current state of science and ethics in a society, as accepted by consumers and (ultimately) po

32、liticians.However,the important point here is that science is not the only criteria for judging welfare,as other less tangible factors are also involved.It is,therefore,important that the precautionary principleis applied,and where there are any cases ofdoubt,then the action taken should favour the animals(just in case the alternative course would impair welfare).可以论证的是，正如消费者 (最终 )和政治家所接 受的那样，法律只不过是当今社会科学和道德状况的实际应用。 然而， 这里重要的一点是， 科学并不是判断福利的唯一标准， 因为还涉及其 他一些不太具体的因素。因此，应用“预防原则”是很重要的，如果 有任何怀疑的情况，那么采取的行动应该有利于动物