高三概要写作讲义制作S.docx

1、高三概要写作讲义制作S精锐教育学科教师辅导讲义学员姓名：刘宏达 年 级：高 三 课 时 数： 3辅导科目：英语 学科教师：左红云授课内容Summary教学内容Summary Writing题型解析：摘要（summary）是一种对原始文献（或文章）的基本内容进行浓缩的语义连贯的短文.它以迅速掌握原文内容梗概为目的,不加主观评论和解释,但必须简明、确切地表述原文的重要内容.摘要写作（summary writing）是一种控制性的作文形式,它能使学生通过阅读原文,吸收原文的文章结构与语言方面的长处,写出内容一致、结构近似、语言简洁的短文.另外,对培养学生善于抓住文章重点的能力也有很大帮助,有利于他们

2、在实际写作中避免面面俱到,事无巨细,一一罗列的不良倾向.这种写作既要准确理解原文,又要能综合概括；既能培养欣赏能力,又能训练书面表达能力.因此,用英文写摘要,对学习英语写作的学生来说,不失为一种切合实际的方法.考纲要求： 1概括的准确性； 2字数大约30词； 3不要抄袭阅读材料中的句子。解题思路：1. 分析文章结构，准确捕捉要点 首先，从文体入手。一般来说，读写任务里的阅读材料按文体可以分成两种：议论文和记叙文。议论文有三要素，即论点、论据、论证，文章的整体结构多数为总分结构、分总结构、平行结构等。因此，我们通常可以在第一段或最后一段找论点。记叙文，我们要找出它的四要素：when, where

3、, who, what等。 其次，从过渡语入手。如however, otherwise, besides, moreover等。2. 理清逻辑关系，选择合适连词 在捕捉到文章的要点之后，接下来就是要理清他们之间的逻辑关系，再找到适当的连接词，自然衔接，使之成为一个连贯的语段。 3. 灵活变化表达，适度进行paraphrase 理清要点之间的逻辑关系之后，不能简单地照搬原句，还必须进行适度的paraphrase，即用自己的话进行改写，才符合“不要抄袭阅读材料中的句子”的要求。那么，如何才能达到“雁过不留痕”的效果呢？(1)同义替换。即用同义或近义的词语或句型改写，如 “intellectual

4、ability” 和 “academic ability”就可以用grades(成绩)来替换；grade pupils according to 则可用judge/group pupils by替换； “It does not take into account the fact” 可以变为It fails to consider that(2)语态互换。即主语语态与被动语态的转换，如he later agrees to take the suggestion to就可以用它的被动语态来表示：he was later persuaded to(3)非谓语动词短语与从句的互换。如there wa

5、s a king who ruled a rich country就可以用there was a king ruling a rich country来表达。(4)合并句子。就是将几个意义联系紧密的句子合并为一句话。如We feel that there are many disadvantages in streaming pupils. It does not take into account the fact that children develop at different rates. Besides, it is rather unreal to grade people ju

6、st according to their intellectual ability.就可改为Streaming pupils not only neglects the different rates of students development, but also is unfair for them judging only by their grades.写摘要主要包括三个步骤：（1）阅读；（2）写作；（3）修改成文。 第一步：阅读 A认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。 B给摘要起一个标题。用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语

7、或短句子作为标题。也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾。一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想。 C现在，就该决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了。对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。 D简要地记下主要观点主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要重要的东西。第二步：动手写作 A. 摘要应该只有原文的三分之一或四分之一长。因此首先数一下原文的字数，然后除以三，得到一个数字。摘要的字数可以少于这个数字，但是千万不能超过这个数字。 B. 摘要应全部用自己的话完成。不要引用原文的句子。 C. 应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。 D. 摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所

8、载的信息，以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。E. 写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧： 1) 删除细节。只保留主要观点。 2) 选择一至两个例子。原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。 3) 把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。 4) 避免重复。在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。5) 压缩长的句子。如下列两例： “His courage in battle might without exaggeration be cal

9、led lion-like.” 可以概括为：”He was very brave in battle.” “He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.” 可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.” 6) 还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。请看下面的例子： “Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the

10、 past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.” 可以概括为：”Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a few people, are today accessibl

11、e to many, thanks to better wages, paid holidays, new hotels and better transportation services.” 7) 使用概括性的名词代替具体的词，比如： “She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vocation.” 可以概括为：”She

12、 brought home a lot of books to read during the vocation.” 8） 使用最短的连接词。比如，可以使用but, then, thus, yet, though，不能使用at the same time, in the first place, because of these, on the other hand等较长的连接词。通常，使用分号就能够达成使用连接词的效果。 9) 文章中的第一人称说的话通常在摘要中转换成第三人称，从而把大段的对白简化，比如： Kate looked at Paul disapprovingly: “You us

13、e too much salt on your food, Paul its not good for you!” Paul put down his knife and frowned:”Why on earth not! If you didnt have salt on your food it would taste awful like eating cardboard or sand just imagine bread without salt in it, or potatoes or pasta cooked without salt!” Kate was patient.

14、She didnt want to quarrel with Paul. She wanted to persuade him. She said firmly:”But too much salt is bad for you. It cause high blood pressure and latter on, heart-attacks. It also disguises the taste of food, the real tastes which are much more subtle than salt, and which we have lost the sensiti

15、vity to appreciate any more.” 可以用第三人称概括为： Kate suggested to Paul that he should eat less salt. She thought that eating too much salt would do hard to Pauls health and that it could reduce the real tastes of food. But Paul disagreed. He said that food without salt would be tasteless. 第三步：修改成文 草稿拟好以后，

16、对它进行修改。首先，与原文比较看是否把所有重要的观点都概括了，摘要中的观点是否与原文中的完全一致。其次，如果摘要中出现了不必要的词汇、短语或长句子，删除它们。第三，检查拼写、语法和标点符号的错误。最后，保持语言简单明了。 经过上述步骤和方法，一篇摘要就可以完成了。总结：档次内容语言A5-64B4-53C3-42D2-31E1-20不同文体解题方法：记叙文1. 讲述写作方法：要素串联法 记叙文主要是记叙所发生的事情和经历。常见的形式有：故事、日记、新闻报道、游记等。记叙文通常要交待清楚五要素的内容，即where, when, what, who, how, 给读者一个内容完整、细节清晰的故事。事

17、情的叙述通常按时间的顺序叙述，让读者易于把握所叙述内容之间的内在关联，我们必须抓住记叙文的写作特点或思路，从而更好地理解文章主题，概括出比较中肯的短文中心大意。2. 教授记叙文的概要模板：The passage/story is about a misunderstanding between a student and a teacher.The author tells us a story about a _.The passage is a story about _.According to the passage, the hero in the story _.记叙文概要分类模板

18、a.点明写作目的类：The writer tells us（主题）by showing us an example of, who/which（故事情节）.b.作者经历类：In the passage, the writer mainly tells us hisexperience of doing sth, whichc. 他人经历类：This passage is mainly about sbs experience of doing sth.例题精讲高三一模记叙文1.青浦区Last year my pany was brought by a large corporation and

19、 most of the managers lost their jobs. That was when i decided to do something I d always wanted to do-bee a freelance writer(自由作家）. Changing professions has meant that my lifestyle has changed in a number of ways. I work about as much as I did before-between 45 and 50 hours a week- but my schedule

20、is much less fixed than it used to be. Before, I worked from 8 am to 5 pm, everyday, with a few extra hours on weekends. Now, however, I work when I feel like it. For instance, sometimes I work until midnight or 2.am, then sleep until noon. I really prefer this kind of schedule. While I was working

21、as a manager, I never exercised. I already felt tired after work, so I just came home in the evening and watched TV. However, last year I joined a health club and began to do regular exercise. As a result I have lost over 10 pounds and I feel much better, Ive also started to eat more healthfully. I

22、used to eat a lot of fast food, but now I do my own shopping. I buy lots of fruits and vegetables and cook them at home.Of course, not all the changes have been that easy. For example, I dont feel as safe financially as used to. When I was working as a manager. I never worried much about money. I co

23、uld always count on getting my paycheck every two weeks. Working freelance, I dont have a regular paycheck. So now I have to make sure that theres enough money until the next check arrives.范文：After the author quit his previous job and became a freelance writer. Some changes his life. The work schedu

24、le became more flexible. He has also done more exercise and ate healthy. But he might not get regular wages. He found that the present lifestyle is suitable for him.2.杨浦区 On a damp, boring, stay-in-the-house kind of day, I was a 4-year-old artist armed with a new treasure: my own big box of crayons（

25、蜡笔）. Somehow, the usual paper wasnt special enough for these 64 perfect, sweet-smelling sticks of vivid color. I looked around for a bigger canvas（画布）. If only there were hidden walls. Walls like the ones in Mom and Dads closet. Slipping quietly down the hall to the bedroom, I stood on tiptoe to rea

26、ch the string for the closet light. Words and images filled my mind faster than my hands could make them. A brilliant rainbow was seen on one wall, with a cheery golden sun peeking out from above. Below, a giant shade tree supported a swing for stick-figure children. Around them, flowers bloomed eve

27、rywhere. My masterpiece! All my very own magic! I took in the walls, the colors and the brightness. Joy swelled inside me. But as my creativity wound down, a thought popped up: Ive got to show Mom! Suddenly I was still. Mom called out, “Dinners ready.”After a short time, her footsteps approached, an

28、d then finally, the closet door opened. I stood nervously in the corner. Mom breathed in sharply, then stood frozen. Only her eyes moved as she slowly looked over my masterpiece. She was quiet for a long, long time. I didnt dare breathe. Finally, she turned to me. “I like it,” she said. “No, I love

29、it! I feel like I have a new closet!” Now, 45 years later, my childhood artwork is still there. And in my own house, the closet walls are masterpieces, too, created by my own daughters when they were little girls. Every time I open a closet door, I remember that, as big as that box of crayons and wh

30、ite walls seemed when I was little, my mothers love was the biggest thing of all.【范文1】One day when I was little, I created a beautiful picture on the walls in parents closet. Although satisfied with it, I couldnt imagine moms reaction. Instead of criticizing me for ruining the closet, mom thought hi

31、ghly of my artwork. Now I understand how much she loves me and I do the same to my children to develop their creativity.【范文2】 The story happened when the writer was 4 years old. She drew pictures on the walls of the closet after getting the new crayons. Her mother praised her artwork instead of scol

32、ding her for messing up the room. The pictures remain there till now because it can serve as a reminder of mothers love. 小结：记叙文：分析语篇的基本结构和主要信息，把握记叙文的主旨大意和段落大意；就日常生活中的话题和需要，灵活运用记叙文完成口头或书面的表达为了介绍一件事情，一个人等，需要找到主要信息：人、地、时、事等掌握写作特点和框架：What/who/when/where/why/how议论文1.讲述议论文写作方法：要素串联法第一、找出关键词和全文或段落的主题句。任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词