解放奴隶宣言.docx

1、解放奴隶宣言解放奴隶宣言解放黑人奴隶宣言是一份由美国总统亚伯拉罕林肯公布的宣言，其主张所有美利坚联邦叛乱下的领土之黑奴应享有自由，然而豁免的对象未包含未脱离联邦的边境州，以及联邦掌控下的诸州。此宣言虽仅立即解放少部分奴隶，但实质上强化联邦军掌控联邦的领土后这些黑奴自由的权威性，并为最终废除全美奴隶制度预先铺路。整份宣言分成两个部分发布：第一部分发布于1862年9月22日，是份概述第二部分目的的准备公告；第二部分正式生效于1863年1月1日，此时正处于南北战争的第二年，其中包含亚伯拉罕林肯的声明：所有脱离联邦并回到联邦掌控下的州之奴隶最迟于1863年1月1日后当被解放。有十个州的名字在第二部分公

2、布时被逐一提及，可有意忽略了马里兰州、德拉瓦州、田纳西州、密苏里州以及肯塔基州。特别豁免权由48个连署成立西维吉尼亚州以及其他被举列的维吉尼亚州郡表述；另外还包含纽奥良和几个被列举为联邦掌控之下的路易斯安那州郡。Text of the Emancipation Proclamation (second part)A Proclamation.Whereas, on the 22d day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-two, a proclamation was issue

3、d by the President of the United States, containing, among other things, the following, to wit:1862年9月22日，合众国总统曾发出一道宣言，其内容如下：That on the first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, all persons held as slaves within any State or designated part of a State

4、, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free; and the Executive Government of the United States, including the military and naval authority thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of such persons, and will do no ac

5、t or acts to repress such persons, or any of them, in any efforts they may make for their actual freedom.“1863年元月1日起，凡在当地人民尚在反抗合众国的任何一州之内，或一州的指明地区之内，为人占有而做奴隶的人们都应在那时及以后永远获得自由；合众国政府行政部门，包括海陆军当局，将承认并保障这些人的自由，当他们或他们之中的任何人为自己的自由而作任何努力时，不作任何压制他们的行为。That the Executive will, on the first day of January afo

6、resaid, by proclamation, designate the States and parts of States, if any, in which the people thereof, respectively, shall then be in rebellion against the United States; and the fact that any State, or the people thereof, shall on that day be, in good faith, represented in the Congress of the Unit

7、ed States by members chosen thereto at elections wherein a majority of the qualified voters of such State shall have participated, shall, in the absence of strong countervailing testimony, be deemed conclusive evidence that such State, and the people thereof, are not then in rebellion against the Un

8、ited States.政府的行政部门将于上述的元月1日，以公告宣布那些州或那些州的那些地区的人民当时尚在反抗合众国，如果有的话；在那一天任何一州或其人民以大多数合法选举人参加选举出来的代表参加合众国国会，同时没有强有力的反证时，这种事实就是该州及其人民没有反抗合众国的确实证据”。Now, therefore I, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, by virtue of the power in me vested as Commander-in-Chief, of the Army and Navy of the Unite

9、d States in time of actual armed rebellion against the authority and government of the United States, and as a fit and necessary war measure for suppressing said rebellion, do, on this first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, and in accordance with my

10、 purpose so to do publicly proclaimed for the full period of one hundred days, from the day first above mentioned, order and designate as the States and parts of States wherein the people thereof respectively, are this day in rebellion against the United States, the following, to wit:所以现在我，合众国总统亚伯拉罕

11、林肯，以在反抗合众国政府当局的武装叛变时期被授权为合众国海陆军总司令的职权，作为一个适当的、必须的战略措施以便镇压上述叛变，特于1863年元月1日，从上面第一次所说之日起至今足足一百天的期间，根据这样的目的公开宣布现在反对合众国者有如下诸州及某些州的下列地区及其人民：Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana (except the Parishes of St. Bernard, Plaquemines, Jefferson, St. John, St. Charles, St. James, Ascension, Assumption, Terrebonne, Lafourche

12、, St. Mary, St. Martin, and Orleans, including the City of New Orleans), Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia (except the forty-eight counties designated as West Virginia, and also the counties of Berkeley, Accomack, Northampton, Elizabeth City, York,

13、Princess Anne, and Norfolk, including the cities of Norfolk and Portsmouth), and which excepted parts, are for the present left precisely as if this proclamation were not issued.阿肯色、得克萨斯、路易西安那、密西西比、亚拉巴马、佛罗里达、乔治亚、南卡罗来纳、北卡罗来纳和弗吉尼亚，这些除开的地区现在仍暂时维持本公告发出之前的原有状况。And by virtue of the power, and for the purp

14、ose aforesaid, I do order and declare that all persons held as slaves within said designated States, and parts of States, are, and henceforward shall be free; and that the Executive government of the United States, including the military and naval authorities thereof, will recognize and maintain the

15、 freedom of said persons.为着上述的目的，我利用我的职权，正式命令并宣告在上述诸州以及某些州的上述地区以内所有作为奴隶的人现在和今后永远获得自由；合众国政府，包括海陆军当局在内，将承认并保持上述人们的自由。And I hereby enjoin upon the people so declared to be free to abstain from all violence, unless in necessary self-defence; and I recommend to them that, in all cases when allowed, they

16、labor faithfully for reasonable wages.我现在命令这些被宣布自由的人们，除非是必须的自卫，不得有违法行为；我劝告他们，在任何可能的情况下，他们应当忠实地为合理的工资而劳动。And I further declare and make known, that such persons of suitable condition, will be received into the armed service of the United States to garrison forts, positions, stations, and other places

17、, and to man vessels of all sorts in said service.我进一步宣告在适当条件下，这些人们可参加合众国的军事工作，驻守炮台、阵地、卫戍区域以及其他地区，以及在各种军舰上服役。And upon this act, sincerely believed to be an act of justice, warranted by the Constitution upon military necessity, I invoke the considerate judgment of mankind, and the gracious favor of A

18、lmighty God.我真诚地相信这个举动是一个正义的举动，合于宪法的规定，根据军事的需要。我祈求人类的慎重判断和万能上帝的恩典。In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the United States to be affixed.作为证明，我署名于此并加盖合众国国玺。Done at the City of Washington, this first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred an

19、d sixty three, and of the Independence of the United States of America the eighty-seventh.于华盛顿，1863年元月1日合众国独立第87周年。By the President: Abraham Lincoln亚伯拉罕林肯William H. Seward, Secretary of State.威廉西华德历史背景：南北战争爆发后，相当多的黑奴自愿为自身自由而协助联邦作战，但对如何处理占领地黑奴观点上仍有所冲突。林肯一开始收回某些将军自行发布的解放黑奴命令，而此政策严厉执行则造成逃亡黑奴必须回到他们南方主子那

20、儿，但1862年3月13日邦联政府禁止所有联邦军指挥官遣返逃亡黑奴，如此影响了1850年逃亡奴隶法的废除。1862年4月11日，国会宣布联邦政府将保障释放黑奴的奴隶主，所有在华盛顿的黑奴于1862年4月16日获得解放。1862年7月19日国会废止联邦领土上的奴隶制度，如此使美国最高法院于1857年得福德史考特诉桑福德案作出的决议失去效力：此决议曾导致国会一度无权监督国土上的黑奴制度。林肯曾宣称他自己没有宪法赋予的权力解放黑奴，此外，解放黑奴是种具有风险的政治行为，因为仍有部分畜奴州效忠于联邦，且战争初始的目的集中在保护联邦的完整而非解放黑奴。基于如此，这份宣言当时只是份而由林肯自己理解为以三军

21、统帅的身份所发表的军事命令，而非由国会公布具同等地位的法案或宪法增修条文。另外有些论点认为解放奴隶宣言本身乃违宪，且是种领袖扩权指挥军队行动，而非创造新法。解放奴隶宣言也把解放黑奴的同意权让渡给联邦军队，这难得的机会使将近20万多曾为奴隶的黑人受惠，也让北方人获得额外的人力资源而南方人却直到战败前几天还无法仿效。林肯第一次与其内阁讨论宣言是在1862年7月，但考虑到此举对政治的种种影响，他觉得在发布前需要场联邦军的胜仗。在安地潭之役，联邦军队击退邦联对马里兰州的进犯后，他于1862年9月22日发布一份准备宣言，而最终的宣言则于隔年1月发布。解放奴隶宣言自身受限于对奴隶制度的立即效用，仅能在联邦纳入控制下的邦联领土上生效，边界州的奴隶制度因其仍效忠联邦而丝毫不受影响。国务卿威廉西华德曾于评论中谈到：“我们表达对奴隶制度的同情手法是解放那些我们管不著的奴隶以及奴役那些我们能解放的人们。”任何脱离联邦的州只要在宣言生效前重新加入联邦便具有等同边际州的地位，并至少在当下能保有奴隶制度。