定语从句能力提高.docx

1、定语从句能力提高精锐教育学科教师辅导讲义讲义编号_ 学员编号： 年 级： 课时数：3学员姓名： 辅导科目： 英语 学科教师：佘皖鄂课 题定语从句授课日期及时段2011-7-4 10:10-12:10教学目的1、掌握定语从句的定义及其类别2、让学生了解定语从句的构成及其引导词的判断3,让学生掌握基本的引导词的运用Step Check Revision 复习简单句，让学生自己分析概况句子的成分，引导学生复习是什么定语，什么是从句，引导学生归纳总结什么是定语从句。从而引导学习内容定语从句。Step Presentation一、定语从句的概念 在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名

2、词或代词叫先行词，定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。二、定语从句的关系词引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词，常见的关系代词包括that， which， who（宾格whom，所有格whose）等，关系副词包括where， when， why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作定语从句的重要成分。三、定语从句的分类根据定语从句与先行词的关系，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词，主句与从句不用逗号分开，从句不可省去，非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开，起补充说明作用，如省去，意思仍完整。四、关系代词的用法1. that 既

3、可以用于指人，也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语或宾语，作主语时不可省略，作宾语可省略。例如：Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。（that作主语）The coat （that） I put on the desk is blue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。（that作宾语）2.which用于指物，在句中作主语或宾语，作主语不可省略，作宾语可省略。例如：The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。（作主

4、语）The film （which） we saw last night was wonderful. 我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。（作宾语）3.who， whom用于指人，who 用作主语，whom用作宾语。在口语中，有时可用who代替whom，也可省略。例如：The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。（作主语）Who is the teacher （whom） Li Ming is talking to？正在与李明谈话的老师是谁？（作宾语）注意：（1）当定语从句中含有介

5、词，介词放在句末时，who， that， which可省略，但介词在关系代词前时，只能用“介词+which/whom”结构。例如：This is the house in which we lived last year.这是我们去年居住的房子。Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.请告诉我你从谁那借的这本英文小说。（2）含有介词的固定动词词组中，介词不可前置，只能放在原来的位置上。例如：This is the person whom you are looking for. 这就是你要找的那个人。（3）that 作介词

6、的宾语时，介词不能放它的前面，只能放在从句中动词的后面。例如：The city that she lives in is very far away.她居住的城市非常远。（4）关系词只能用that的情况：a. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰，或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：He was the first person that passed the exam. 他是第一个通过考试的人。b.被修饰的先行词为all， any， much， many， everything， anything， none， the one等不定代词时，只能用th

7、at，而不用which.例如：Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop？你在商店里有什么东西要买吗？c.先行词被the only， the very， the same， the last， little， few 等词修饰时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：This is the same bike that I lost.这就是我丢的那辆自行车。d. 先行词里同时含有人或物时，只能用that， 而不用which.例如：I can remember well the persons and some pictures tha

8、t I saw in the room.我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。e.以who或which引导的特殊疑问句，为避免重复，只能用that.例如：Who is the girl that is crying？ 正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁？f.主句是there be 结构，修饰主语的定语从句用that，而不用which.例如：There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom. 桌子上那本书是汤姆的。（5）关系词只能用which，而不用that 的情况：a.先行词为that， those时，用which， 而不用that.例如：Whats

9、that which is under the desk？ 在桌子底下的那些东西是什么？b.关系代词前有介词时，一般用which，而不用that.例如：This is the room in which he lives. 这是他居住的房间。c.引导非限制性定语从句，用which， 而不用that.例如：Tom came back， which made us happy. 汤姆回来了，这使我们很高兴。五、关系副词的用法（1）when指时间，其先行词表示时间，在句中作时间状语。例如：This was the time when he arrived.这是他到达的时间。（2）where指地点，其

10、先行词表示地点，在句中作地点状语。例如：This is place where he works.这是他工作的地点。 （3）why 指原因，其先行词是原因，起原因状语作用。例如：Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school. 没人知道他为什么上学总迟到。I. 定语从句起了形容词的作用，在句中修饰一个名词或代词。被修饰的词叫做先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，他的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起了连接作用，二是在从句中担当一个成分，并与先行词保持数的一致。关系词 先行词 从句成分 例句 备注关系代词 who 人 主语 Do yo

11、u know the man who is talking with your mother? whom, which和that在从句中做宾语时，常可以省略，但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略，也不可以用that whom 人 宾语 Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am workingThe boy (whom) she loved died in the war. whose 人，物 定语 I like those books whose topics are about history.The boy whose father works abroad

12、 is my deskmate. that 人，物 主语，宾语 A plane is a machine that can fly.She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much. which 物 主语，宾语 The book (which) I gave you was worth $10.The picture which was about the accident was terrible. as 人，物 主语，宾语 He is such a person as is respected by all of us.This is t

13、he same pen as I lost yesterday. as做宾语一般不省略关系副词 when 时间 时间状语 I will never forget the day when we met there. 可用on which where 地点 地点状语 This is the house where I was born. 可用in which why 原因 原因状语 I cant imagine the reason why he turned down my offer. 可用for whichII. that与which, who, whom的用法区别：情况 用法说明 例句只

14、用that的情况 1 先行词为all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much,等不定代词时。2先行词被all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few等修饰时3先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时4先行词既指人又指物时5先行词被the only, the very修饰时6句中已经有who或which时，为了避免重复时 1.He told me everything that he knows.2.All the books that you offered has been given out.

15、3.This is the best film that I have ever read.4.We talked about the persons and things that we remembered.5.He is the only man that I want to see.6.Who is the man that is making a speech?只用which, who, whom的情况 1 在非限制性定语从句中，只能用which指代物，用who/whom指人2 在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中，只能用which指物，whom指人。3 先行词本身是that时，关

16、系词用which, 先行词为those, one, he时多用who。 He has a son, who has gone abroad for further study.I like the person to whom the teacher is talking.Those who respect others are usually respected by others.III. as与which的区别：定语从句 区别 例句限制性定语从句中 名词前有such和the same修饰时，关系代词用as,不能用which He is not such a fool as he look

17、s.Dont read such books as you cant understand. 非限制性定语从句中 as和which都可以指代前面整个主句。如果有“正如，象”的含义，并可以放在主句前，也可以放在后面，那么用as；而which引导的从句只能放主句后，并无“正如”的意思。 They won the game, as we had expected.They won the game, which we hadnt expected.As is well known, he is a famous film star in the 1980s.IV. 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的

18、区别：类别 语法意义及特征 例句限制性定语从句 对先行词起修饰限制作用，如果去掉，主句意思就不完整明确，这种从句与主句的关系十分密切，写时不用逗号分开。 The accident happened at the time when I left.非限制性定语从句 对先行词作附加的说明，与主句的关系不十分密切，较松散。从句和主句之间用逗号分开，相当于一个插入语，不能用that引导，关系代词做宾语时也不能省略。 His mother, whom he loved deeply, died ten years ago.特殊用法加以举例分析：一.who与that指人时的区别：1.非限制性定语从句中，只

19、能用who不能用that。例如：His mother who was tired gave him a lesson. 2.指人的代词those习惯用who。例如：Those who are against put up your hands. 二.which和that的区别：1只用which,不用that的情况。1)which可用在非限制性定语从句中。例如：The project which lasted four years cost one billion dollars.这项工程历时四年，耗资十亿美元。2)which可用前置介词宾语。例如：This is the house in wh

20、ich we lived three years ago.这是我们三年前住过的那所房子。2只用that，不用which的情况。1)that相当于关系副词when, where, why, in the wayin which。例如：Ill never forget the Monday that /when you first arrived.我将永远不会忘记你初到的那个星期一！Do you know anywhere that I can get fruit? 你知道我能在哪里买到水果吗？I like the place for the very reason that/why you di

21、slike it.我喜欢那地方的原因，恰恰是你不喜欢它的原因。He doesnt see things the way that /in which we see them.他看问题跟我们不一样。2)that既可指物，也可指人。例如：The people that worked on the project made a good effort.从事那项工程的人们做了很大努力。3)当主句以here, there开头时，常用that。例如：Here is the place that youve been looking for.这就是你一直找的地方。4)当先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或先行词被

22、序数词或形容词最高级修饰时，常用that。例如：The first(thing)that should bed one is to get the book.应该做的第一件事是弄到那本书。This is the best place that Ive ever visit-ed.这是我曾参观过的最好的地方。5)当先行词是all, anything, nothing(something除外),none, little, much时，常用that。例如：Is this all thats left?这就是剩下的所有东西吗？Have you got anything that belongs min

23、e? 你有没有拿过属于我的东西？6)当先行词被no, little, only, very, the last等修饰时，常用that。例如：The only thing that could be done is to find our way home.唯一能做的事情就是要找到回家的路。7)当先行词是两个或两个以上的词分别表示人和物时用that。例如：They talked about the teachers and the schools that they knew.他们谈到了他们熟悉的老师和学校。8)在以which，who开头的句子中常用that。例如：Which is the ca

24、r that killed the man? 撞死那个男子的小车是哪一辆？9)time是先行词时，前面如有序数词或last修饰时，定语从句只能用that引导或省略。例如：This is the last time (that) I shall give you a letter. The first time (that) I saw him was last year. 三.as用在such.as, the same.as, so/as.as结构中，as从句后可用省略形式。例如：Here is so big a stone as I cant carry it.这个石头太大了，我搬不动它。M

25、y hometown is no longer the same(one)as it was.我的家乡跟从前不一样了。He lived about the same time as Shakespeare.他和莎士比亚生活在同一时代。注：在the same.as ,the same.that中，当as从句和that从句都属定语从句的范畴时，as引导的定语从句表示它的内容与主句所讲的事物相似，即同类事物；that引导的定语从句表示它的内容与主句所讲的是同一的即指同一事物。例如：This is the same(kind of)bag as I lost yesterday.这个包和我昨天丢失的包

26、的样子是同样的。This is the same(the very bag)that I lost yesterday.这就是我昨天丢失的那个包。四.which, as的异同：1.as /which都可用在非限制性定语从句中作主语或宾语，指整个主句或主句的一部分。例如：The meeting was put off which /as was exactly what we wanted.这次会议延期了，这正是我们所希望的。This elephant is like a snake as anybody can see.这头大象像条蛇，任何人都能看得出这一点。2.as /which都可用在非限

27、制性定语从句中作表语，指代主句中的表语。例如：She was very patient to friends ,as /which her sister seldom was.她对朋友很有耐心，她妹妹很少有耐心。3.as在非限制性定语从句中作主语时，其后的动词必须是be或其它连系动词，而which不受此限制。例如：I watched the TV play yesterday ,which pleased me.我昨天看了这部电视剧，这使我很高兴。The president died, as /which seemed true.那位总统死了，这好像是真的。4.由as引导的非限制性定语从句可位

28、于句首、句中、句尾，而which引导的非限制性定语从句只可位于句尾。例如：众所周知，并不是所有闪光的东西都是金子。As everyone knows all that glitters is not gold. All that glitters is not gold，as everyone knows. 5.当非限制性定语从句中的谓语动词为be announced /expected /known /imagined / pointed out /said /reported /shown等被动形式，或usually happen, be often the case等表示主句的习惯性或司

29、空见惯之意时，常用as，而不宜用which。例如：The Chinese are working-hard, as is known to all.中国人是勤劳的，这是众所周知的。Kate was late for school, as often happened. 凯特上学迟到了，这是她常发生的事。6.which在非限制性定语从句中可以作定语，而as则不行。例如：My father asked her to send for a doctor right away, which advice she took.我父亲叫她立刻派人请大夫，她采纳了这个建议。7.which在非限制性定语从句中可

30、以作介词的宾语，而as则不行。例如：I called him by the wrong name ,for which mistake I apologized.我叫错了他的名字，为此我向他道了歉。8.which可在限制性定语从句中或非限制性定语从句中修饰单个名词，而as则不可以。例如：The problem, which was discussed just now，put us in a difficult situation. The house which I bought last year is expensive.我去年买的那所房子很贵。五.which与whose作定语时的区别：

31、which与whose均可以在定语从句中作定语，但是which一般只用在非限制性定语从句中，仅指物，并且要接一个对先行词起概括作用的泛指名词；whose名词与先行词不表示同一事物或情况。例如：He is studying Chinese, which knowledge is very important now. Peter spent three years in France, during which time he learnt French. The house whose windows are broken is unoccupied. It was an island whose name I have forgotten. 注：定语从句中whose名词the名词of whom /which。例如：坐在那边的那个男孩，他哥哥是个教师。The boy，whose brother is a teacher, is sitting over there. The boy, the brother of whom is a teacher, is sitting over there. 我们住在那间房里，房间的窗户破了。We live in the roo