动画外文文献.docx

1、动画外文文献AnimationAnimation is the rapid display of a sequence of images of 2-D or 3-D artwork or model positions to create an illusion of movement. The effect is an optical illusion of motion due to the phenomenon of persistence of vision, and can be created and demonstrated in several ways. The most

2、common method of presenting animation is as a motion picture or video program, although there are other methods.Early examplesAn Egyptian burial chamber mural, approximately 4000 years old, showing wrestlers in action. Even though this may appear similar to a series of animation drawings, there was

3、no way of viewing the images in motion. It does, however, indicate the artists intention of depicting motion.Early examples of attempts to capture the phenomenon of motion drawing can be found in paleolithic cave paintings, where animals are depicted with multiple legs in superimposed positions, cle

4、arly attempting to convey the perception of motion.Five images sequence from a vase found A 5,000 year old earthen bowl found in Iran.It has five images of a goat painted along the sides. This has been claimed to be an example of early animation. However, since no equipment existed to show the image

5、s in motion, such a series of images cannot be called animation in a true sense of the word.A Chinese zoetrope-type device had been invented in 180AD. The phenakistoscope, praxinoscope, and the common flip book were early popular animation devices invented during the 19th century.These devices produ

6、ced the appearance of movement from sequential drawings using technological means, but animation did not really develop much further until the advent of cinematography. An Egyptian burial chamber mural, approximately 4000 years old, showing wrestlers in action. Even though this may appear similar to

7、 a series of animation drawings, there was no way of viewing the images in motion. It does, however, indicate the artists intention of depicting motion.There is no single person who can be considered the creator of film animation, as there were several people working on projects which could be consi

8、dered animation at about the same time.Georges Mlis was a creator of special-effect films; he was generally one of the first people to use animation with his technique. He discovered a technique by accident which was to stop the camera rolling to change something in the scene, and then continue roll

9、ing the film. This idea was later known as stop-motion animation. Mlis discovered this technique accidentally when his camera broke down while shooting a bus driving by. When he had fixed the camera, a hearse happened to be passing by just as Mlis restarted rolling the film, his end result was that

10、he had managed to make a bus transform into a hearse. This was just one of the great contributors to animation in the early years.The earliest surviving stop-motion advertising film was an English short by Arthur Melbourne-Cooper called Matches: An Appeal (1899). Developed for the Bryant and May Mat

11、chsticks company, it involved stop-motion animation of wired-together matches writing a patriotic call to action on a blackboard.J. Stuart Blackton was possibly the first American film-maker to use the techniques of stop-motion and hand-drawn animation. Introduced to film-making by Edison, he pionee

12、red these concepts at the turn of the 20th century, with his first copyrighted work dated 1900. Several of his films, among them The Enchanted Drawing (1900) and Humorous Phases of Funny Faces (1906) were film versions of Blacktons lightning artist routine, and utilized modified versions of Mlis ear

13、ly stop-motion techniques to make a series of blackboard drawings appear to move and reshape themselves. Humorous Phases of Funny Faces is regularly cited as the first true animated film, and Blackton is considered the first true animator.Another French artist, mile Cohl, began drawing cartoon strip

14、s and created a film in 1908 called Fantasmagorie. The film largely consisted of a stick figure moving about and encountering all manner of morphing objects, such as a wine bottle that transforms into a flower. There were also sections of live action where the animators hands would enter the scene.

15、The film was created by drawing each frame on paper and then shooting each frame onto negative film, which gave the picture a blackboard look. This makes Fantasmagorie the first animated film created using what came to be known as traditional (hand-drawn) animation.Fantasmagorie by Emile Cohl, 1908

16、Following the successes of Blackton and Cohl, many other artists began experimenting with animation. One such artist was Winsor McCay, a successful newspaper cartoonist, who created detailed animations that required a team of artists and painstaking attention for detail. Each frame was drawn on pape

17、r; which invariably required backgrounds and characters to be redrawn and animated. Among McCays most noted films are Little Nemo (1911), Gertie the Dinosaur (1914) and The Sinking of the Lusitania (1918).The production of animated short films, typically referred to as cartoons, became an industry o

18、f its own during the 1910s, and cartoon shorts were produced to be shown in movie theaters. The most successful early animation producer was John Randolph Bray, who, along with animator Earl Hurd, patented the cel animation process which dominated the animation industry for the rest of the decade.El

19、 Apstol (Spanish: The Apostle) was a 1917 Argentine animated film utilizing cutout animation, and the worlds first animated feature film.Traditional animation (also called cel animation or hand-drawn animation) was the process used for most animated films of the 20th century. The individual frames o

20、f a traditionally animated film are photographs of drawings, which are first drawn on paper. To create the illusion of movement, each drawing differs slightly from the one before it. The animators drawings are traced or photocopied onto transparent acetate sheets called cels, which are filled in wit

21、h paints in assigned colors or tones on the side opposite the line drawings. The completed character cels are photographed one-by-one onto motion picture film against a painted background by a rostrum camera.An example of traditional animation, a horse animated by rotoscoping from Eadweard Muybridge

22、s 19th century photosThe traditional cel animation process became obsolete by the beginning of the 21st century. Today, animators drawings and the backgrounds are either scanned into or drawn directly into a computer system. Various software programs are used to color the drawings and simulate camer

23、a movement and effects. The final animated piece is output to one of several delivery media, including traditional 35mm film and newer media such as digital video. The look of traditional cel animation is still preserved, and the character animators work has remained essentially the same over the pa

24、st 70 years. Some animation producers have used the term tradigital to describe cel animation which makes extensive use of computer technology.Examples of traditionally animated feature films include Pinocchio (United States, 1940), Animal Farm (United Kingdom, 1954), and Akira (Japan, 1988). Tradit

25、ional animated films which were produced with the aid of computer technology include The Lion King (US, 1994) Sen to Chihiro no Kamikakushi (Spirited Away) (Japan, 2001), and Les Triplettes de Belleville (France, 2003).Full animation refers to the process of producing high-quality traditionally anim

26、ated films, which regularly use detailed drawings and plausible movement. Fully animated films can be done in a variety of styles, from more realistically animated works such as those produced by the Walt Disney studio (Beauty and the Beast, Aladdin, Lion King) to the more cartoony styles of those p

27、roduced by the Warner Bros. animation studio. Many of the Disney animated features are examples of full animation, as are non-Disney works such as The Secret of NIMH (US, 1982), The Iron Giant (US, 1999), and Nocturna (Spain, 2007). Limited animation involves the use of less detailed and/or more sty

28、lized drawings and methods of movement. Pioneered by the artists at the American studio United Productions of America, limited animation can be used as a method of stylized artistic expression, as in Gerald McBoing Boing (US, 1951), Yellow Submarine (UK, 1968), and much of the anime produced in Japa

29、n. Its primary use, however, has been in producing cost-effective animated content for media such as television (the work of Hanna-Barbera, Filmation, and other TV animation studios) and later the Internet (web cartoons)。Rotoscoping is a technique, patented by Max Fleischer in 1917, where animators

30、trace live-action movement, frame by frame. The source film can be directly copied from actors outlines into animated drawings, as in The Lord of the Rings (US, 1978), or used in a stylized and expressive manner, as in Waking Life (US, 2001) and A Scanner Darkly (US, 2006). Some other examples are:

31、Fire and Ice (USA, 1983) and Heavy Metal (1981). Live-action/animation is a technique, when combining hand-drawn characters into live action shots. One of the earlier uses of it was Koko the Clown when Koko was drawn over live action footage. Other examples would include Who Framed Roger Rabbit (USA

32、, 1988), Space Jam (USA, 1996) and Osmosis Jones (USA, 2002). A short gif animation of EarthComputer animation2D animation2D animation figures are created and/or edited on the computer using 2D bitmap graphics or created and edited using 2D vector graphics. This includes automated computerized versions of traditional animation techniques such as of, interpolated morphing, onion skinning and interpolated rotoscoping.2D animation has many applications, including analog computer animation, Flash animation and PowerPoint animation. Cinemagraphs are still photographs in the form