初中英语中考前必备知识总结.docx

1、初中英语中考前必备知识总结基本语法表格1.人称代词和物主代词第一人称第二人称第三人称单数复数单数复数单数 (现在时, 动词+s/es)复数人称代词主格Iweyouyousheheittheythese宾格meusyouyouherhimitthemthose物主代词(的)物主性myouryouryourherhisitstheirthese名词性mineoursyoursyourshershisitstheirsthose反身代词自己myselfourselvesyourselfyourselvesherselfhimselfitselfthemselvesthemselves2.可数名词的复

2、数构成举例1在名词后面加s Americans, Germans, apples, bananas2以s, x, sh, ch, 结尾的，加esboxes, glasses, dresses, watches, wishes, foxes buses3以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加esbaby-babies, family-families, duty-duties, comedy-comedies,4以元音字母加y结尾的直接加sday-days, boy-boys, toy-toys, key-keys, way-ways5以o结尾加s（外来词）；但如是辅音加o的加esradios, ph

3、otos zoostomatoes, potatoes heroes6以f或fe结尾的变f为v再加esthief,wife,shelf,knife, loaf,leaf,wolf,half,7一般只有复数，没有单数的有clothes;p0lice, people, crew, staff, police; pants, shorts, shoes, glasses, gloves, socks, trouses; scissors; （由两部分组成的东西）8特殊形式的有child-children, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, goose-geese, mouse-mice

4、, sheep-sheep; man-men, woman-women,policeman-policemen,Englishman-Englishmen10如果是由man或woman所组成的合成词的复数，则前后两个词都要变为复数man doctor-men doctors, woman teacher-women teachers 11既可以是单数也可以是复数的一些集合名词class班，同学；family家，家庭成员；organization机构；army军队；audience观众；enemy敌人；navy海军；committee委员会；group, team.12单复数相同fish, sh

5、eep, deer鹿子, Chinese, Japanese13单复数意思不同fish鱼 fishes鱼的种类,paper纸 papers报纸，卷子，论文work工作 works作品，工厂glass玻璃 glasses玻璃杯，眼镜orange桔子水 oranges橙子light光线 lights灯cloth布 clothes衣服people人 peoples民族time时间 times时代, 次数chicken 鸡肉 chickens 小鸡water水 waters水域；公海wood 木板； woods树林14常用的不可数名词water, milk, fruit,meat, food, pap

6、er, air, weather, rice, ice, furniture家具sheep羊肉, fish鱼肉 （动物表示肉类）3.名词所有格（某人/物“的”东西）构成举例1单数：在后面加sbrothers, Mikes, teachers2复数：以s结尾的直接在s后加，不以s结尾的，加sTeachers Day教师节 classmates books同学们的书籍Childrens Day六一节 Womens Day三八节 动词+ed的构成方式构成举例1直接在词尾加edwork-worked; play-played; want-wanted; act-acted2以不发音的e字母结尾的动词，

7、直接加dlive-lived; move-moved; taste-tasted; hope-hoped, 3以辅音字母+ y结尾的，把y变为i 再加edstudy-studied; copy-copied; cry-cried; carry-carried4以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词，要双写这一辅音字母，再加edstop plan fit refer prefer cancel travel quarreldrop4.动词+ing的构成方式构成举例2以不发音的e字母结尾的动词，要去掉e再加ingmake-making, write-writing, skate-skatin

8、g,closeclosing, come-coming, take-taking，have-having,dance-dancing,liveliving;hope-hoping3若结尾的e 发音,就不能去掉see-seeing4以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词，要双写这一辅音字母，再加ingrun-running, swim-swimming, get-getting,sitsitting,putputting,beginbeginning,hit-hitting, stop-stopping, forget forgetting5在少数几个以ie 结尾的动词后：须将ie 变作y

9、，再加ing。diedying; tietying, lielying躺/位于 lie- lied - lied - lying撒谎 lie - lay - lain - lying 躺/位于 lay - laid - laid - laying下蛋/放5.时态语态公式时态主动被动 be + done （过去分词）1一般现在时do / doesam/is/are done2一般过去时didused to dowas/were done3一般将来时will/shall doam/is/are going to dowill/shall be done4现在进行时am/is/are doingam

10、/is/are being done5过去进行时was/were doingwas/were being done6将来进行时will be doingwill be done7现在完成时have/has donehave/has been done8过去完成时had donehad been done9将来完成时will have donewill have been done10现在完成进行时have/has been doinghave/has been done11过去将来时would dowould be done 6.主动/被动主动被动： be + done (be-am/is/a

11、re-was/were-being-been)1一般现在时I do my homework every dayMy homework is done (by me) every day.2一般过去时I did my homework yesterday.My homework was done (by me) yesterday.3一般将来时I will do my homework tomorow.My homework will be done (by me) tomorrow.4现在进行时I am doing my homework now.My homework is being do

12、ne now.5过去进行时I was doing my homework at 3:00 yesterday afternoon.My homework was being done at 3:00 yesterday afternoon6将来进行时I will be doing my homework tomorrow.My homework will be done tomorrow.7现在完成时I have already done my homework.My homework has already been done.8过去完成时I had done my homework bef

13、ore yesterday afternoon.My homework had been done before yesterday afternoon9将来完成时I will have done my homework tomorrow.My homework will have been done tomorrow.10现在完成进行时I have been doing a half of my homework.My homework has been done a half.11过去将来时I said that I would do my homework next week.I sai

14、d that my homework would be done next week.7.不规则动词巧记表AAA型 过去式、过去分词与原形一致原形过去式过去分词词义原形过去式过去分词词义cutcutcut切、割、剪shutshutshut关、闭（门窗）putputput放置hurthurthurt受伤；疼痛letletlet让costcostcost值钱；花费setsetset设置readreadread朗读；阅读hithithit撞击；打spreadspreadspread展开；铺开AAB型 过去式与原形一致原形过去式过去分词词义原形过去式过去分词词义beatbeatbeaten击败；打败A

15、BA型 过去分词与原形一致原形过去式过去分词词义原形过去式过去分词词义runranrun跑步；逃跑comecamecome来becomebecamebecome变得；成为ABB型 过去式与过去分词一致原形过去式过去分词词义原形过去式过去分词词义buyboughtbought买leadledled领导；致使bringbroughtbrought带来misleadmisledmisled误导fightfoughtfought打架；打仗feedfedfed喂养；喂食thinkthoughtthought想；认为fleefledfled逃跑seeksoughtsought寻找；探究meetmetmet

16、遇见；碰到catchcaughtcaught抓住；接住shootshotshot射击；投篮teachtaughttaught教；教书lightlit / lightedlit / lighted点燃lendlentlent借出getgotgot获得；得到sendsentsent送；派遣winwonwon获胜；赢得spendspentspent花（时间、钱）sitsatsat坐下buildbuiltbuilt建设；建立digdugdug挖掘feelfeltfelt感觉；摸起来stickstuckstuck刺；戳leaveleftleft离开hanghunghung悬挂keepkeptkept保持

17、；保留hanghangedhanged绞死sleepsleptslept睡觉sellsoldsold出售；卖oversleepoversleptoverslept睡过头telltoldtold告诉sweepsweptswept打扫smellsmeltsmelt闻；嗅meanmeantmeant意思是spellspeltspelt拼写learnlearnt / learnedlearnt / learned学；学会holdheldheld拿着；举办burnburnt / burnedburnt / burned燃烧；烧伤findfoundfound找到；发现hearheardheard听见sta

18、ndstoodstood站立have/hashadhad有understandunderstoodunderstood理解makemademade制作paypaidpaid付款shineshone / shinedshone / shined照耀saysaidsaid说loselostlost丢失；失去laylaidlaid下蛋layingdealdealtdealt处理lieliedlied撒谎lyinglielaylain躺/放lyingABC型 原形、过去式、过去分词不一致原形过去式过去分词词义原形过去式过去分词词义beginbeganbegun开始taketooktaken拿走drin

19、kdrankdrunk喝；饮mistakemistookmistaken错拿ringrangrung铃响；打电话shakeshookshaken摇动；握（手）singsangsung唱歌eatateeaten吃sinksanksunk下沉fallfellfallen落下；摔倒swimswamswum游泳riserose（玫瑰）risen上升；上涨blowblewblown吹；刮风drivedrovedriven驾驶flyflewflown飞；放（风筝）givegavegiven给knowknewknown知道；懂得forgiveforgaveforgiven原谅growgrewgrown种植；

20、生长seesawseen看见throwthrewthrown扔；投rideroderidden骑（车、马）drawdrewdrawn绘画hidehidhidden躲藏showshowedshown出示；给看bitebitbitten咬breakbrokebroken打破；不服从forbidforbade/forbadforbidden禁止；不许speakspokespoken说话writewrotewritten书写stealstolestolen偷bear（熊）boreborn忍受choosechosechosen选择tear（眼泪）toretorn撕破freezefrozefrozen冻结

21、wearworeworn穿、戴wakewokewoke / woken醒来；唤醒am / iswasbeen是strikestruckstruck/stricken打击；撞击arewerebeen是forgetforgotforgotten忘记do / doesdiddone做gowentgone去lielaylain躺；卧8. 介词at; in; on的用法表时间构成举例 具体时间，“几点几分”用atShe goes to bed at eleven oclock. “在早上，在下午，在晚上”用in，且the不能省略；“在某年、某月” 用in，不加冠词; “在中午，在夜里”用at，不加冠词i

22、n the morning; in the afternoon; in the eveningin 2000; in June at noon; at night 表示“在星期几”、 “在星期几的上午、下午、晚上” “在某天”、 “在某月某日”、用onon June 13; on Monday/Tuesday/Sundayon Monday morning/afternoon/evening/nigjt 在this, last, next, every等词前面既不加介词，也不用冠词What are you doing this afternoon?I do it every Friday.表地

23、点 在小地点用atat school; at home; at railway station; at the corner 在大地方用inin Beijing; in China; in Amarica; in Asia 在上面用onon the desk; on the top of the montain常用介词before(时间)在前；截至（到）infrontof(地点)在前面inthe frontof在前部after(时间)在之后behind(地点)在后面until（till）直到为止 (动词如果是点动词，则必须用否定句)about在各处；到处；在附近; 关于; 大约by直到为止；以

24、计，后跟度量单位“靠手段”，“用方法”，“凭借动作”away离开； 离多远beyond超出范围（或能力）for为；表示一段时间；用交换around在周围，围绕during在(时间)内into进入through一直（从开始到结束）；穿过along沿着from表示“是哪里人”，以及“时间或地点的起始点to到（目的地）去，向 since自从以来across横穿in过后（未来时间）；在里面（地点）in“用语言”常与write,speak,talk,answer等连用within不超过的范围bemadeof表示从成品仍可看出原料outside在外面bemadefrom表示从成品已看不出原料between

25、在之间（指二者）with表示用什么工具，所用的东西都是具体的物among在之间（指三者以上）without =but for没有on在上面，表面相互接触like像一样above只表示“在上方或位置高出”，与below相对as作为below在下方，低于near在附近，与far相对over“在正上方”，与under相对under在正下方against紧靠、倚靠反对（反义词是for）beneath在下方beside =by(地点) 靠近，在旁边，比near距离更近exceptfor除之外（主要用来谈论不同类的东西）besides除之外还有except除之外没有了（主要用来谈论同类的东西）9.形容词的比较级和最高级构成举例1一般在形容词后加er/est如果是以e结尾则直接加r或stgreat-greater-greatest, short-shortershortest, tall-tallertallest, long-longerlongest, nice-nicer- nicest, large-larger -