高中语法精讲精练名词性从句.docx

1、高中语法精讲精练名词性从句专题九名词性从句名词性从句一概述：在句子中起名词作用的各种从句统称为名词性从句。根据它们在句中的语法作用，这类从句又可分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。二名词性从句连接词1.连词（只起连接作用，不做成分）that没有实在意义，whether翻译为“是否”，可以引导各类名词性从句，可以和or,or not连用if翻译为“是否”，多引导宾语从句。注意if跟whether的区别。注：if“如果”还可以引导条件状语从句。as if /though翻译为“好像”，在名词性从句中只能引导表语从句。注：as if /though“好像”还可以引导方式状语从句。becau

2、se翻译为“因为”， 在名词性从句中只能引导表语从句。注：because“因为”还可以引导原因状语从句。2.连接代词（既起连接作用，而且充当句子成分，都有各自的含义）who“谁”在从句中作主语，表语。可引导各类名词性从句whom “谁”在从句中作宾语。可引导各类名词性从句which“（特定范围内的）哪一个/些”在从句中充当主语，宾语，定语。不引导同位语从句。what“什么 ，什么样的”有疑问含义。在从句中充当主语，表语，宾语，定语。可以引导各类名词性从句 “所.的”或“.的事物/东西/人/样子/地方等”。无疑问含义，在从句中作主语，宾语，表语。一般不引导同位语从句“多少”提问“价格，人口等”w

3、hose“谁的”在从句中作定语。多引导宾语从句。whoever“无论谁”无疑问含义。在从句中作主语，表语。引导名词性从句时在含义上相当于anyone who注：还可以引导让步状语从句。此时可与no matter who 互换 whomever“无论谁”无疑问含义。在从句中作宾语。引导名词性从句时在含义上相当于anyone whowhichever“（特定范围内的）无论哪一个/一些”无疑问含义。在从句中作宾语，定语。whatever“无论什么”无疑问含义。在从句中作主语，表语，宾语，定语。引导名词性从句时在含以上相当于anything that 注：还可以引导让步状语从句。此时可与no matt

4、er what 互换3.连接副词（既起连接作用，而且充当句子成分，都有各自的含义） when“什么时候”有疑问含义。在从句中作时间状语。可引导各类名词性从句。“的时候”无疑问含义。在从句中作时间状语 Where“哪儿”有疑问含义。在从句中作地点状语。可引导各类名词性从句。“的地方”无疑问含义。在从句中作地点状语。why“为什么”有疑问含义。在从句中作原因状语。可引导各类名词性从句。“的原因”无疑问含义。在从句中作原因状语。how“多么”后接形容词，副词。“怎么样，如何”修饰动词，说明动作实行的方式。how many“多少”后接可数名词how much“多少”后接不可数名词how long“多长

5、”指时间，回答可用“for+一段时间”how soon“多快”指时间，回答可用“in+一段时间”how far “多远”指路程或距离how fast“多快”指速度whenever“无论何时”无疑问含义注：还可以引导让步状语从句。此时可与no matter when 互换wherever“无论哪儿”无疑问含义注：还可以引导让步状语从句。此时可与no matter where 互换however“无论什么”无疑问含义注：还可以引导让步状语从句。此时可与no matter how 互换三在名词性从句中一律用陈述句的语序，即使从句表达的是疑问含义。四if, whether的区别1.引导主语从句时，如果

6、主语从句放在句首，只能用whether不能用if引导，但是如果用it 做形式主语，而把主语从句放在句末时，也可以用if引导.2.引导宾语从句时常放在动词know, ask, care, wonder之后，if和whether均可。3.在介词后面的宾语从句中，在表语从句、同位语从句中，表“是否”，只能用whether；4.whether和if都可以和or not连用,但是whether 之后可以直接跟or not,而if不可以。 I dont know whether or not I will stay.（只能用whether）5.在不定式前只能用whether. 如：I cant decid

7、e whether to stay. 我不能决定是否留下。 五与“命令、要求、建议”等相关的名词性从句中通常用虚拟语气，虚拟语气的构成是“should动词原形”或省去should，直接用动词原形。六名词性从句以考查引导词为主，同时考查时态，语序，与其它从句的区别以及混同虚拟语气的考查。一主语从句1.主语从句定义：在复合句中充当主语的句子叫做主语从句。That he will succeed is certain.Whether wild life can be well protected is of great importance.Who will go makes no differen

8、t.Which kind of food is the best is still not certain. What is needed for the space trip is careful preparation. How we can help the twins will be discussed at the meeting. When theyll start the project has not been decided yet.Where he hid the money is to be found out. Why dinosaurs died out remain

9、s a puzzle.2.主语从句引导词按照在句中是否做成分主要分为三类：连词that、whether、if连接代词、连接副词。（1）由连词that引导的主语从句:引导词that无含义,在句中不做成分, That you will win the medal seems unlikely.That you are so indifferent bothers me.It was a pity (that) you didnt go to the talk. 很遗憾你没去听报告。(that可省)（2）由连词 whether 引导的主语从句：whether有含义“是否”，在句中不做成分，不可以省。

10、whether 可以和or not连用。Whether it will do us harm remains to be seen. Whether she is coming or not doesnt matter too much.（3）如果主语从句放在句首，不能用if引导，但是如果用it 做形式主语，而把主语从句放在句末时，也可以用if引导.Whether Mary really heard him is really doubtful.（对） It was doubtful if Mary really heard him.（对）（4）连接代词引导的主语从句：连接代词who, who

11、se, whom, which, what, whoever, whomever, whichever, whatever，在句子起名词性作用，担当一定成分。Who killed the scientist remains a question.Whom she borrowed money from still puzzled him.Which side will win is not clear. What you need is more practice.Whoever breaks the law will be punished. (主语从句) = Anyone who brea

12、ks the law will be punished. (定语从句)比较：Whoever breaks the law，he should be punished.(让步状语从句)= No matter who breaks the law，he should be punished. (让步状语从句)（4）用连接副词when, where, why, how引导的名词性从句(其连接副词有含义,在句中作状语。)Where we should leave it is a problem.When they will come hasnt been made pubic.How it was d

13、one was a mystery. 3.主语从句注意事项（1）为了避免主语冗长,句子头重脚轻,经常用it 做形式主语,而将主语从句置后（尤其是当谓语较短时）。That light travels in straight lines is known to all.=It is known to all that light travels in straight lines.Whether they would support us was a problem. =It was a problem whether they would support us. （3）连接代词What引导的名词

14、性从句what引导主语从句时，常常翻译为“所.的”或“.的事物/东西/人/样子/地方等”此时无疑问含义。What在从句中作主语，宾语。What you need is a good-sized canvas bag.What make the river more beautiful are the lotus(荷花) plants growing in the water.what引导主语从句时，谓语动词常与其后的作表语的名词一致。What you left are only several old books.What you said is of great importance.wha

15、t引导主语从句常见句型。What makes this shop different is that it offers more personal service.（4）单个主语从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如果是两个或两个以上的主语从句作主语，谓语动词则用复数形式。4.固定用法（借助形式主语it，主语从句不能提前）和译法（1） It is +名词+that从句It is a fact that 事实是It is good news that 是好消息It is a question that 是个问题It is common knowledge that 是常识类似的名词还有：a pi

16、ty；a wonder；a good thing；no wonder； surprise等。例如：It is a mystery to me how it all happened.It is common knowledge that the whale is not a fish.It is no surprise that Bob should have won the game.（2）It is +形容词+ that从句It is necessary that 有必要It is clear that 很清楚It is likely that 很可能It is important tha

17、t 重要的是类似的形容词还有：strange; natural; obvious; true; good; wonderful; possible; unlikely; quite; unusual; certain; evident; worth-while; surprising; interesting; astonishing, etc.It is obvious that conductors and insulators are both important in industry.It is doubtful whether she will be able to come.（3

18、） It is +过去分词+that从句It is said that 据说It is reported that 据报道It has been proved that 已证明类似的过去分词还有：known; estimated; expected; believed; thought; hoped; noted; discussed; required; decided; suggested; demanded; made clear; found out, etc.例如：It is thought that he is the best player.It has not been mad

19、e clear when the new road is to be opened to traffic.在 It + be + suggested/advised/ordered/requested/ insisted/required 中, 应使用虚拟语气,即that从句的谓语用“should + 动词原形”的形式, should有时可以省略。It is suggested that we should eat more vegetable and do more exercise.（4）It + 不及物动词或短语 + that 从句( happen, doesntmatter ,turn

20、 out） 。如：It happened that I saw him yesterday.It does not matter whether I missed my train, because there is another later.（5）当“及物动词 + 宾语”较短时，也可用这种结构。例如：It shocked me that Peter did not tell anybody where he was.It does not interest me whether you go or not.二表语从句1.定义：在复合句中，如作表语的是一个从句，该从句被称为表语从句。Here

21、 wish is that she could lose weight soon.The question is whether it is worth doing.It looked as if it was going to snow.The problem was who could do the work.That is what he is worried about.His trouble is where he can find a new job.The problem is how he can get food and clothing.That was why the b

22、rothers wanted to make a bet.2.表语从句的构成：主语 + 系动词 + 引导词 + 句子3.常见的系动词（1） be（am, is, are, was, were)（2） feel , seem , look, appear ,sound, taste , smell （3） stand , lie , remain ,keep, stay（4） become ,get , grow , turn ,go ,come, run, fall（5） prove, turn out4.表语从句的连接词：接词：that / whether /as if /as though

23、 / because (if不引导表语从句)连接代词：who / whom / whose / which / what 连接副词：when / where / why / how(1) 从属连词that：that 在表语从句中不担任句子成分，无实际意义，一般不能省略（2）whether在表语从句中表“是否”但不充当句子的成分。if 不能引导表语从句。如:The question is whether it is worth doing.What the doctor really doubts is whether my mother will recover from the seriou

24、s disease soon.（3）as if/as though引导的表语从句如果是事实，就用陈述语气，如果与事实不符，就用虚拟语气(主句一般现在时从句就用过去式，be的话变成were。主句是过去式，从句用过去完成时)。It looks as if he were her own father. (与事实不符)It was as though he were mad. (与事实不符)Dark clouds are gathering. It looks as if its going to rain.（4）because引导表语从句通常只用于“This/That/It is because”

25、结构中。My anger is because you havent written to me for a long time.（5）连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever引导的表语从句。The problem is who we can get to replace her. That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic.I read about it in some book or another, but what I dont k

26、now is which (book) it is.what 在表语从句中充当主语、宾语或表语表示“什么”，“所.的”或“.的事物，东西，人，样子，地方等”The question is what caused the accident. That mountain is no longer what it used to be .What he told you was what had been discussed at the meeting.（6）连接副词 where, when, how, why除在句中起连接作用外，在从句中还充当时间、地点、方式、原因状语，本身具有词义。Thats

27、 where I cant agree with you.This is why Sara was late for the meeting.This is how they overcome the difficulties.5. 表语从句注意事项（1）that, why与because引导表语从句时的区别 虽然三者均可引导表语从句，但that没有词义，而why和because有自己的意思；另外，虽然why和because都可引导表语从句，但前者why强调结果，后者because强调原因。如： The reason was that you dont trust her. The fact

28、is that they are angry with each other. He was ill. Thats why he was sent to the hospital. He was sent to the hospital. Thats because he was ill.（2）reason 做主语时，表语从句只能用that引导, 不能用why 引导。句型结构为：The reason is that或者 The reason (why/for)is /was that. （表语从句常用常考句型）The reason why he was late was that he mis

29、sed the train by one minute this morning （当主语是reason时，reason后面的表语从句只能用that引导,而不能用because或者why. 但reason后面的定语从句可以用why或者that 引导。）The reason why he was late for school was that he got up lateThe reason that he gave for his absence was that he was ill.三宾语从句1 定义：在复合句中充当宾语的句子叫做宾语从句。They know that the habit

30、 will kill them.He asked whose spacesuit it was.Will you please tell me how I can keep fit and healthy? Pay attention to what the doctor said, will you?宾语从句分为动词（包括动词，动词短语，动词不定式，动词ing）的宾语从句和介词的宾语从句。2. 动词的宾语从句。动词短语后的宾语从句I have found out that all the tickets for the concert have been sold out.动词ing后的宾语

31、从句Not knowing what he should do, he began to cry.双宾语，直接宾语由从句充当He told me that he would go to the university. 形式宾语：动词find, feel, consider, make, believe等后面有宾语补足语的时候，则用it作形式宾语，而将宾语从句后置。此时that不能省略。I feel it a pity that I havent been to the get-together. He has made it clear that he will not give in.I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day. 有些动词带宾语从句