1、英语专业跨文化交际期末知识点summaryU1:1.views on intercultural municationTwo different views on intercultural munication: “people are people VS. “contact is not equal to munication2.3 major socio-cultural elements influencing perception and munication Cultural value, world view , social organizations.3.What is gl
2、obalization?Globalizationisaprocessofinteractionandintegrationamongthepeople,panies,andgovernmentsofdifferentnations。aprocessdrivenbyinternationaltradeandinvestmentandaidedbyinformationtechnology.Thisprocesshaseffectsontheenvironment,onculture,onpoliticalsystems,oneconomicdevelopmentandprosperity,an
3、donhumanphysicalwell-being in societiesaroundtheworld.4.What are the stumbling blocks in intercultural munication? (1)assumption of similiarities: people expect that simply being human and having mon requirements of food,shelter,security and so on makes everyone alike.(2)Language differences.: “yesa
4、nd “no cause trouble.(3)Nonverbalmisinterpretatons: misinterpretation of observable sians and symbolsgesture ,postures, body movenment.(4)Preconceptions and stereotypes: Arabs are “inflammable may cause U.S.students to keep their distance .(5)Tendence to evaluate: to approve or disapprove ,to statem
5、ents and actions of other person or group.(6)High anxiety/ tension.U2:1.What is culture?Culture is a very extensive concept, it is very difficult to define it strictly and accurately, because culture involves too much. Culture is a plex system of behavior, values, beliefs, traditions and artifacts,
6、which is transmitted through generations.What are the five basic needs for human beings? (1)physiological needs (things that make us alive,food water air)(2)safety needs (physical safe and psychologicallly secure)(3)belongingness needs (needs tobe accepted by others and to belong to a group )(4)este
7、em needs ( recognition, reputation,self respect )(5)self-actualization needs (actualize onself and to reach ones full potential)2.What are values, attitudes, beliefs and behaviors? How are they linked? (1)Values are what people go to war over or conduct bussiness by. Values tell us how to weigh the
8、worth of something, they can indicate a relative hierarchy.(2)Attitudes are feelings about things .it is a tendency to respond the same way to the same object or situation or idea. Attitudes is learned and can change.(3)Beliefs are convictions or certainties based on subjective and often personal id
9、eas rather than on proof or fact.(4)Links: values underlie attitudes and also shape beliefs. Attitudes are based on beliefs as well as values.values enable us to evaluate what matters to us or apply standars to our attitudes and beliefs.value belief attitude. For example , you have an attitude towar
10、d eating raw fish,which is positive and is based on the belief that expert prepararion of sushi and sashimi by Japanese chefs results in culinary delicacies ,or you have an attitude that is negative,based on the belief that raw fish can contain parasites that cause unpleasant consequences in the hum
11、an digestive system. You can even have both attitudes at the same time.if you do ,then probably you value both fine eating experiences and physical health.3.What are the elements of munication?1context: physical setting, psychological ,historical,culture ,the munication norms2participants: senders w
12、ho form messages and municate with symbols, receiverswho process and react the massages.3Massages: meanings, symbols ,encodings and decodings4Channels :a variety of sensory channels5Noise ;internal external and semantic noise.6Feedback : the verbal and nonverbal responses4.What are norms?Norms are t
13、he guildelines that we establish for conducting transactions.Norms tell us what kinds of messages and behavior are proper in a given context or with a particular person or group of people. People acquire munication norms from their experiences in life.5.What is the difference between encoding and de
14、coding?Encoding is the process of transforming ideas and feelings into symbols and organizing them. Decoding is the process of tansforminf meeages backe into ideas and feelings.Transforming and organizing Transforming and intepretingideas and feelings-symbols/massages-ideas and feelingsEncoding deco
15、ding 6.What is the difference between external noise, internal noise and semantic noise?external noise: Sights and sounds and other stimuli in the environment that draw peoples attention away from intended meaning.internal noise : Thoughts and feelings that interfere with the munication process.Feel
16、ings of anger or anxiety ,stereotypeor prejudice in your mind.semantic noise: the meanings we assign to words depend on our own experience, other people may at times decode a word or phases differently from the way we intend.7.What is munication? munication is a process involving the exchange of mes
17、sages and the creation of meaning.U3:1.What are the five basic questions at the root of any cultures value system? (1)what is the character of innate human nature?-human nature(2)what is the relation of man to nature?-the relationship of man to nature.(3)What is the temporal focus of human life?-sen
18、se of time /time orientation.(4)What is the mode of human activity?-activity orientation.(5)What is the mode of human relationships?-social relationships2.What are the key principles of Confucianism?(1)social order and stability are based on uneqal relationships between peopleincluding leaders and f
19、ollowers ,father and son ,husband and wife , older brother and younger brother,and friends .(2)family :follow rules for ordering(3)proper social behavior consists of not treating others as you would not like to be treated youself.,learn tobe sensitive to others feels(子所不欲勿施于人)(4)people should be ski
20、lled ,educated hardworking,thrifty ,modest, patient and persevering.3.How do living situations account for value differences between different cultures? For example,Japanese live in a little of arable land ,even mainly valcanoes.thus,they built their homes together very closely in order to make use
21、of every available land and they can work together in planting and harvesting of rice effectively. In this situation,japanenescentral social valuebecause of living close proximity that gave very little privacy was that an idividual does not matter. However, in the U.S. it is mon to see a pattern of
22、a single farmhouse surrounded by firelds.the nearnest neighbor was perhaphs two miles distant.inevitably, the central social values were self-reliance and independence.4.What are cultural values? The monly held standards of what is acceptable or unacceptable, important or unimportant, right or wrong
23、, good or bad, true or false, workable or unworkable, etc., in a munity or society.Values represent a learned organization of rules for making choices and for resolving the conflicts.5.What are the five dimensions to consider when doing studies of cultural differences(culture value)? (1)Idividualism
24、 versus collectivism (involves peoples relationship sto the larger social groups;social relationship)Idividualism;key words include independence,privacy,self,and all important ICollectivism believe in obligations to the group, we consciouceness and an emphasis on belonging.(2)uncertainty avoidance(h
25、ow to adapt to changes and cope with uncertainties,)Greece(plan everything0 versus Singapore (like uncertainty)(3)power distance(all people in a culture do not have equals levels of status or social power.) Malaysia versus New Zealand(4)masculinity versus femininity(work harder to get achievement ,w
26、ealth versus caring for the others and the quatity of life) Japan versus Thailand (5)orientation to time (a long-term orientation schedule for work and life versus a short-term orientation toward changing events)6.What are the differences between a high-context culture and a low-context one? Low-con
27、text interaction emphasizes direct talk, person-oriented focus, self-enhancement mode, and the importance of “talk: high- context interaction, in contrast stresses indirect talk, status-oriented focus , self- esffacement mode, and the importance of nonverbal signals and even silence.U4:1.What is the
28、 relationship between language and culture? Culture and language are interwined and shaped each other.Each time we select words ,form sentence, and send a message ,either oral or written,we also make cultural choices. Cultural literacy(特定领域的能力或知识) is necessary to understand the language being used.(
29、1)all languages have social questions and information questions. For exemple: in Ameirca English ,the question “How are you is a social question,the Americans register the phrase as “hello. But in Germany and Russia ,the phase is an imformation qustion .the speaker atually wants to get an answer to
30、it.(2) language reflects the environment in which we live .For exemple, in the Amazon area snow is not part of the environment. Therefore , people in that region do not have a word for snow . however , most Americans ,who live an environment where Iit snows most months of the year, use terms such as
31、 snow , sleet , slush, blizzard and ice. (3)language reflects cultural values. a way of thinking .when we translate concepts from a foreign language and cultural with words ,we have to choose the priority words in oder to municate effectively. Cultural kowledge is impotant as linguistic knowledge.Fo
32、r example ,Amerians are frustrated with the manana mentality(西班牙语的明天心态) of Spanish-speaking countries : for American tomorrow means midnight to midnight ,a very precise time period , To Mexicans ,manana means in the future,soon.4,Different cutures use identical words that have rather different meanings.For example, for Amercans ,adminisration in the university context means department c
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