英语初中英语语法专项名词讲义.docx

1、英语初中英语语法专项名词讲义初中英语语法专项名词一、名词（n.） 表示人、事物或抽象概念的名称的词（一）名词的分类名词分为普通名词和专有名词,其中普通名词包括可数名词和不可数名词，可数名词可用作单数，也可用作复数。可数名词包括个体名词（表示一类人或物的个体。如：boy,desk,cat,window）和集体名词（由若干个体组成的集合体。如：family,class,police）。不可数名词包括物质名词（表示无法分为个体的实物。如：water,paper,silk,money）和抽象名词（表示性质、行为、状态、感情或其它抽象概念。如：work,happiness,music,difficult

2、y,housework）专有名词表示个人、地方、机构、组织等。如：Tom,the Great Wall,the Spring Festival,France,the United States）（二）名词的数1.可数名词有单数和复数两种形式，其复数形式的构成主要有以下几种：（1）一般情况下,在词尾加s. eg.bookbooks,dogdogs,penpens,boyboys（2）以s,x,ch,sh结尾的词名词变复数时,要在词尾加es.eg.beachbeaches,brushbrushes,busbuses,boxboxes（es读音为iz（3）以“辅音字母y”结尾的名词,先变y为i,再加

3、es. eg.citycities, familyfamilies,（注：以“元音字母+y”结尾的词，直接在词尾加-s.eg.boys,holidays,days）（4）以元音字母o结尾的名词，变复数时情况如下： 加eg.tomatotomatoes,potatopotatoes 结尾是两个元音字母的加s,eg.zoozoos,radioradios 某些外来词变复数时词尾加s,eg. pianopianos 一些名词的缩写形式变复数时，词尾加s, eg.photo（photograph）photos,kilo（kilogram）kilos zero变复数时，既可加s,也可加 eg.zeros

4、zeroes（5）以f或fe结尾的名词变复数时,先把f或fe变为v,再加es. eg.wifewives,leaf-leaves,halfhalves, knifeknives,thiefthieves（res读音为vz妻子骑牛拿起刀, wife-wives; calf-calves; knife-knives;追得贼狼满街跑, thief-thieves; wolf-wolves碰倒架子丧己命, shelf-shelves; self-selves; life-lives手帕树叶半空飘. leaf-leaves half-halves （6）有些名词由单数变复数时，不是在词尾加s或es,而是

5、变换其中的字母。eg.manmen,womanwomen,policemanpolicemen, EnglishmanEnglishmen,FrenchmanFrenchmen, footfeet, toothteeth, childchildren,mousemice,OxOxen（公牛）（7）还有一些名词的单数和复数形式相同。 eg.Chinese, Japanese, sheep, deer, fish works（8）另一些名词本身即是复数形式，不可用作单数。 eg,people, police, trousers, pants ,clothes 另外,当一个名词作定语修饰另一个名词时

6、，这个名词一般用单数。 eg.an apple tree, five apple trees, a girl friend, two girl friends, a twin sister但是，当man和woman作定语修饰复数名词时，就要用其复数形式。eg.two men teachers, three women doctors (9)“某国人”的复数：中日不变英法变，其余s加后面. eg. GermanGermans (10) people , police 常用单数形式表示复数概念 The police are looking for the missing boy.2.不可数名词一般

7、没有复数形式，它的“量”的表示方式如下。（1）表不定数量时,一般用much,（a）little,a lot oflots of,some,any等词修饰。（2）表确定数量时,一般用“数词+量词+of+不可数名词。如：twothree+量词复数十of+不可数名词。eg.a bag Of rice,two glasses Of milk,four bottles Of water3.有些名词既可作可数名词也可作不可数名词，但词义有所不同。eg： fruit水果fruits表示不同种类的水果；food食物foods各种食品；fish鱼fishes鱼的种类；drink饮料、酒a drink一杯一份饮料

8、、一杯酒； cloth布,a cloth桌布、抹布； sand沙sands沙滩； tea茶a tea一杯茶；chicken鸡肉a chicken小鸡；orange橘汁an orange橘子； glass玻璃a glass玻璃杯,glasses眼镜； paper纸a paper试卷、论文；wood木头a wood小森林；room空间、余地a room（三）名词的所有格（表示人或物的所属关系）（1）有生命的名词所有格以及表示时间、距离、城镇、国家等的名词所有格。不是以s结尾的名词变成所有格时，在词尾加s.eg.Mikes watch；Womens Day以s结尾的名词变成所有格时,只加。eg.te

9、achersoffice, studentsrooms两个或两个以上名词并列,表示共同所有，只需在最后一个名词后加s.eg.Tom and Mikes room汤姆和迈克的房间（表示汤姆和迈克共有一间房）两个或两个以上名词并列，表示分别所有，需在几个名词后都加s.eg.Marys and Jennys bikes玛丽和詹妮的自行车（表示玛丽和詹妮各自的自行车） 在表示“店铺，某某家，诊所”的名词所有格后面，一般省去被修饰的名词。 at his brothers at the doctors at the barkers at Mr reads 用所有格表示时间或距离的方法：ten minute

10、s drive十分钟车程，a months holiday一个月的假期用所有格表示节日的方法：Teachers Day, Childrens Day.需要注意的是除了父亲节和母亲节其他节日我们都用名词复数的所有格表示，因为爸爸妈妈每个人就只有一个所以不用复数，Mothers Day, Fathers Day（2）无生命的事物的名词所有格常用of结构eg.a map of China, the beginning of this game, the door of the room（3）特殊形式可用s和of短语表示的名词所有格eg.the boys name=the name Of the bo

11、y（男孩的名字）the dogs legs=the legs of the dog（狗的腿）Chinas population=the population Of China（中国的人口） Chinas capital=the capital of China（中国的首都）双重所有格eg.a fiend of my mothers我妈妈的一个朋友a picture of Toms汤姆的一张图片 (四)名词作主语时的主谓一致(1).如主语是单数,后跟with, together with, as well as, like ,but, except等引导的短语时, 谓语动词仍用单数形式.Li H

12、ua with me often goes to the cinema. The woman with two children is coming here.(2).复数形式单数内容的名词作主语, 谓语动词用单数形式.The news is surprising. Maths is an important subject.(3). 单数形式复数内容的名词作主语, 谓语动词用复数形式.The police have caught the thief. The people there are very kind.(4).一些集体名词如family,class,team等作主语时,若强调整体,

13、 谓语动词用单数形式, 若强调个体, 谓语动词用复数形式.His family is not a large one.他家不是个大家庭。Her family are watching TV.他全家人在看电视。The team is playing very well.这个队打得很出色。The team are all famous players in our country.全体队员都是我国有名的运动员。(5).表示时间,金钱,距离的名词加s后,应视为一个整体,故谓语动词用单数形式.Two hours is enough for us to get there One hundred dol

14、lars is enough.Five kilometers is a long way for the childern.(6).复数名词shoes, trousers ,glasses等由pair修饰时, 谓语动词的单复数形式要由pair决定.The pair of shoes looks nice. That two pairs of trousers are both too long.(7)由and连接两个或两个以上的名词作主语时,如表示整体概念, 谓语动词用单数形式. 若表示个体概念, 谓语动词用复数形式. My old friend and classmate has just

15、come back from abroad.我的老校友刚从国外回来. The singer and dancer is to attend our English evening.那位歌唱家兼舞蹈家将参加我们的英语晚会.(8)“The number of +复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。“A number of +复数名词” 作主语时，谓语动词要用复数形式。(9)neithernor ; eitheror ; not onlybut also 等连接两个并列主语时，谓语动词要遵循就近原则。(10)of + 抽象名词 =形容词be of importance= be importan

16、t2不可数名词“量”的表示方法在英语中，不可数名词如果要表示“量”的概念，可以用以下两种方法：（1）用much, a little, a lot of/lots of, some, any等表示多少，例如：The rich man has a lot of money There is some milk in the bottle Is there any water in the glass？I dont like winter because theres too much snow and ice（2）用a piece of 这类定语，例如：a piece of paper a pie

17、ce of wood a piece of bread a bottle of orange a glass of water（milk） a cup of tea a cup of tea a bag of rice three bags of rice如果要表示“两杯茶”、“四张纸”这类概念时，在容器后加复数，例如：two cups of tea four pieces of paper three glasses of water不可数名词也可用a lot of, lots of, some, any, much等来修饰。初中英语语法专项习题1-名词1.( ) 1 She was ver

18、y happy. She in the maths test.A. makes a few mistake B. made a few mistakes C. made few mistakes D. makes few mistake( ) 2 We need some more_. Can you go and get some, please?A. potato B. potatos C. potatoes D. potatoe( ) 3 _are_for cutting things.A. Knife/used B. Knives/used C. Knife/using D. Kniv

19、es/using( ) 4 What big_ the tiger has!A. tooth B. teeth C. tooths D. toothes( ) 5 Please remember to give the horse some tree_.A. leafs B. leaves C. leaf D. leave( ) 6 -Can we have some _?-Yes, please.A. banana B. oranges C.apple D. pear2( ) 1 They got much _ from those new books.A. ideas B. photos

20、C. information D. stories ( ) 2 He gave us_ on how to keep fit.A. some advices B. some advice C. an advice D. a advice( ) 3 When we saw his face, we knew_ was bad.A. some news B. a news C. the news D news( ) 4 What_ lovely weather it is!A. / B. the C. an D. a3( ) 1 -Would you like_tea?-No, thanks. I

21、 have drunk two_.A. any, bottles of orange B. some, bottles of orange C. many, bottles of oranges D. few, bottle of oranges( ) 2 He is hungry. Give him _ to eat.A. two breads B. two piece of bread C. two pieces of bread D. two pieces of breads( ) 3 It really took him:_ to draw the nice horse. A. som

22、etimes B. hour C. long time D. some time( ) 4 I would like to have_.A. two glasses of milk B. two glass of milk I C. two glasses of milks D. two glass of milks( ) 5 Can you give me _?A. a tea B. some cup of tea C. a cup tea D. a cup of tea ( ) 6 Please give me _ paper. A. one B. a piece C. a D. a pi

23、ece of( ) 7 John bought_for himself yesterday.A. two pairs of shoes B. two pair of shoe C. two pair of shoes D. two pairs shoes4( )1 -How many _ have you got on your farm?-Ive got five.A. sheeps B. sheep C. pig D. chicken( ) 2 Some _ came to our school for a visit that day.A. Germans B. Germen C. Ge

24、rmany D. Germanies( ) 3. A group of_ will visit the museum tomorrow. A. Hungarian B. Australian C. JapaneseD. American5( ) 1 This table is made of_.A. many glass B. glasses C. some glasses D. glass( ) 2 -What would you like to have for lunch, sir?-Id like_. !A. chicken B. a chicken C. chickens D. th

25、e chicken( ) 3 Children should make_ for old people in a bus.A. room B. a room C. rooms D. the room6( ) 1 Tables are made of_.A. wood B. some woods C. wooden D. woods( ) 2 I wonder why _ are so interested in action (武打片) films.A. people B. peoples C. the people D. the peoples( ) 3I have read_ of the

26、 young writer.A. works B. work C. this works D. the works7( ) 1 Lets meet at 7: 30 outside the gate of_?A. the Peoples Park B. the Peoples Park C. the People Park D. Peoples Park( ) 2 _ Chinese people are _ hard working people.A. /; a B. We; the C. The; the D. The; a( ) 3 How many were there in the

27、street when the accident happened? A. policeman B. polices C. police D. peoples8( ) 1 If these trousers are too big, buy a smaller_.A. set B. one C. piece D. pair( ) 2 Last week I bought a TV_.A. pair . B. set C. piece D. block( ) 3 There is a of wood left on the ground.A. cup B. piece , C. box D. p

28、air9( ) 1 There are sixty-seven_ in our school.A. womens teacher B. women teachers C. woman teachers D. women teacher( ) 2 There are five_in our factory.A. woman driver B, women driver C. woman drivers D. women drivers10( ) 1 They write most of their_ in English.A. business letter B. business letter

29、s C. businesses D. businesses letters( ) 2 We came to a _ at last .and went in.A. watch shop B. watches shop ,C. watching shop D. watchs shop( ) 3 This shop sells apples, bananas and things like these. Its a_.A. food shop B. book shop C. fruit shop D. vegetable shop( ) 4 She broke a_while she was wa

30、shing up.A. glass of wine B. glass for wine C. glass wine D. wine glass( ) 5 Ive forgotten both of the_.A. room numbers . B. rooms number C. rooms numbers D. room number11.1. September 10th is_in China.A. Teachers Day B. TeachersDay C. Teacher Day D. Teachers Day( ) 2 -Is the broom under _ desk? -No, its under_.A. the teachers; my B. teachers; mine C. teachers; me D. the teachers; mine( ) 3 Excuse me, where is the_?A. mens room B. mens room C. mens rooms D. men rooms12( ) 1 The football under the bed is_.A. Lily and Lucy B. Lilys and Lucys C. Lilys and Lucy D. L