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关注法律翻译中地重神似.docx

1、关注法律翻译中地重神似关注法律翻译中的“重神似”!1 关于“国家有关规定”的译法:进行法律文件的 中译英时 ,我们常常遇到这样的词语:“应当符合国家有关规定”、“依照国家有关税收的规定”、“ 依照国家外汇管理规定”等等中“国家有关规定”,如按字面“形”的含义译出,译成“ the relevant state provisions ”或“ the relevant provisions of the state ”显然不正确,没有把深层含义译出。按照牛津高阶英汉双解词典的定义, provision C 意为 condition or stipulation in a legal document

2、 ,比如:“根据协议的规定”可译成:“ under the provisions of the agreement ”。上面“国家有关规定” 译成“ the relevant state provisions ”,把国家与法律文件( a legal document )等同起来显然不妥。那么,“国家有关规定”应怎么理解才能使译文符合原文的含义?首先,我们应清楚,“国家法规”应包括两大部分,即由全国人民代表大会发布的法律 (laws) 和由国务院及国务院有关部门发布的行政法规 (regulations) 。故“国家有关规定”一般应理解为“国家颁发的有关法律、法规的规定”,译成 : “ the p

3、rovisions of the relevant laws and regulations issued by the state ”。然而,“国家有关规定”已成了“国家有关部门的规定”的习惯用语,因此,应译成:“ the provisions of the relevant regulations issued by the state ”。这样就把“国家有关规定”的“神似”的含义译出来了。例1:原文:公司名称应符合国家有关规定。原译文: A companys name shall be in conformity with the relevant provisions of the S

4、tate.Notes:按上面的“重神似”的原则,原文“国家有关规定”应译成:the provisions of the relevant regulations issued by the State。参考译文:A company s name shall be in conformity withthe provisions of the relevant regulations issued by the State.。例2:原文:“外资企业依照国家有关税收的规定纳税并可以享受减税、免税的优惠待遇。”原译文:“ Enterprises with foreign capital shall

5、pay taxes in accordance with relevant state provisions for tax payment, and may enjoy preferential treatment for reduction of or exemption from taxes.”Notes:除上面提及的“国家有关规定”译法外,句子的结构也应调整。参考译文:Enterprises with foreign capital shall ,in accordance with the provisions of the relevant regulations issued b

6、y the State on tax payment, pay taxes and may enjoy preferential treatment for reduction of or exemption from taxes.例3:原文:“外国公司在中华人民共和国境内设立的分支机构的登记,按照国务院的有关规定办理。”原译文:“ The registration of a branch as subsidiary set up by a foreign company within the territory of the Peoples Republic of China shall b

7、e conducted in accordance with the relevant provisions of the State Council.”Notes:1 ) 公司的分支机构有两类,一是分公司( branch ),二是子公司 (subsidiary) ,原文中的“分支机构”是泛指,应理解为包括分公司和子公司,应译成 a branch or a subsidiary 。2 ) 原文中的“按照国务院的有关规定办理”不能简单译成 “in accordance with the relevant provisions of the State Council” ,这样译法只能定位“重形似

8、”,这里需要对原文进行深层的理解,应理解为“按照国务院有关行政法规的规定办理”,按照我国的法律制度,法律由全国人民代表大会颁发,国务院负责制定行政法规,我们所说的国务院的有关规定,实际上是指“国务院制定颁发的有关行政法规的规定,”因此应译成: “ in accordance with the provisions of the relevant administration regulations issued by the State Council.”参考译文:The registration of a branch or a subsidiary set up by a foreign

9、company within the territory of the Peoples Republic of China shall be conductedin accordance with the provisions of the relevant administration regulations issued by the State Council2 关于“依法”的译法:中文法律文件中“依法” 与“有关法律法规”中“法律”不一样。“有关法律法规”中“法律”,是指具体的某部法律,这里的英文 law 是可数名词,因此要译成 the relevant laws and regula

10、tions 。而 “依法” 是指“依照法律”之意,是指整体法的泛指,应译成 in accordance with law ,也可译成 in accordance with the law ,这里的 law 是不可数名词,意为 body of such rules 即(整体的)法,法律。 下列各例中 的“依法”都为不可数名词。例1:原文:对外贸易经营者依法自主经营、自负盈亏。参考译文:Foreign trade dealers shall,in accordance with the law, enjoy full autonomy in their business operation and

11、 be responsible for their own profits and losses.例2:原文:国务院外汇管理部门及其分支机构(以下统称外汇管理机关),依法履行外汇管理职责,负责本条例的实施。参考译文:The foreign exchange control department under the State Council and the branches thereof (hereinafter referred to as foreign exchange control organs) shall,in accordance with law, perform. the

12、 functions of foreign exchange control and be responsible for the implementation of these Regulations.例3:原文:Whenever the United States government or any officer or agency thereof shall provide pensions or other aid for the aged, cooperation by the State therewith and therein is herebyauthorized in s

13、uch manner and to such extent as may be providedby law.Notes:1 ) 原文“ any officer or agencythereof” 应译成 “ 任何政府官员或政府机构 ” ,thereof是法律英语用词,意为 “of the United States government” 。2 ) 原文“therewith and therein” 是法律英语用词,分别意为 “with the United States government or any officer or agencythereof” 和 “in providing

14、pensions or other aid for the aged” 。因此,原文 “cooperation by the Statetherewith and therein” 应译成: “ 本州协助联邦政府、政府官员或政府机构提供的上述养老金或其它帮助 ”3 ) 原文“hereby”是英语法律条款中常用的副词,意为:“特此,因此,兹”。4 ) 原文“ by law.” ,文中的 “by law” 是 “ 依法 ” 、 “ 按照法律 ” 之意,是不可数名词。参考译文:无论何时美国联邦政府或任何政府官员或政府机构应向老年人提供养老金或其它帮助,本州协助联邦政府、政府官员或政府机构提供的上述养

15、老金或其它帮助,按照法律可能规定的方式和程度,应特此予以授权。3 关于 “一方,另一方”的译法:“一方,另一方”在法律、合同文件经常出现的用语,其中“一方”是指“当事人一方”、“当事人中的任何一方”之意。在 中译英时 ,不能按字面翻译,译成 one party 或 one of the Parties, 从英文字的含义来说 one party 是指 a particular party 之意,是确指,而 either ,按牛津高级词典解释,是指两者之一。在法律条文中的“一方”往往是指“当事人中的任何一方”,应当译成 either party 或 either of the parties 。

16、下例各句中 “一方”都是“当事人中的任何一方”之意。例1:原文:当事人达成仲裁协议,一方向人民法院起诉的,人民法院不予受理,但仲裁协议无效的除外。Notes:原文中的“一方” , 根据本条文含义,“ 一 方向人民法院起诉的,”是指“达成仲裁协议当事人中的任何一方”,而决不是指“向人民法院起诉的一方”是确定的。因此这里的“一方”不译成 one party 或 one of the Parties ,应当译成 either party 或 either of the parties 。参考译文:A peoples court shall not accept an action initiated

17、 byeitherof the parties if the Parties have concluded and entered into an arbitration agreement, unless the arbitration agreement is invalid.例2:原文:当事人一方违约后,对方应当采取适当措施防止损失的扩大;没有采取适当措施致使损失扩大的,不得就扩大的损失要求赔偿。参考译文:Aftereither partyviolates a contract, the other party shall take proper measures to prevent

18、the increase of the losses. Provided that where the other party fails to take proper measures so that the losses are increased, the party in question shall not claim any compensation in relation to the increased losses.例3:原文:当事人一方不履行合同义务或者履行合同义务不符合约定,给对方造成损失的,损失赔偿额应当相当于因违约所造成的损失,包括合同履行后可以获得的利益,但不得超过

19、违反合同一方订立合同时预见 到或者 应当预见到的因违反合同可能造成的损失。参考译文:Whereeither partyto a contract fails to perform. the contract obligations or its performance fails to satisfy the requirements and provisions of the contract and causes loss to the other party, the amount of compensation for losses shall be equal to the loss

20、es caused by the breach of contract, including the obtainable gains after the performance of the contract, provided that the amount of compensation shall not exceed such probable foreseen losses caused by the breach of contract as has been foreseen or as shall be foreseen when the breaching party co

21、ncludes the contract.4 关于“中央储备粮”的译法:“中央储备粮”意为“中央人民政府的储备粮”,应译成: grain reserves of the central people s government ,而不能按字面意思译成: the central grain reserves 。按照牛津英文词典的字义解释, central: (1) 意为 “of, at, near or forming the centre of sth ” (中央的,在中心的,形成中心的)。例如, We live in central London. (我们住在倫 敦 中部); Our hous

22、e is very central, i.e. is in or close to the centre of the town. )(我们的房子就在市中心)。( 2 )意为 having overall power or control (有全部权力或控制力的)。例如, central government, i. e . the government of the whole country, as contracted with the local government. (中央政府,即区别于地方政府)。以上可见“中央储备粮”,既不是“处于中心的储备粮”,也不可能是“有全部权力或控制力的

23、储备粮”,而是“中央人民政府的储备粮”,应译成: grain reserves of the central people s government 。请看以下例子:例1:原文:为了加强对中央储备粮的管理,保证中央储备粮数量真实、质量良好和储存安全,保护农民利益,维护粮食市场稳定,有效发挥中央储备粮在国家宏观调控中的作用,制定本条例。参考译文:These Regulations are formulated and enacted in order to strengthen the administration ofgrain reserves of the central peoples

24、government, ensure their authentic quantity, high quality and safe storage of the reserves in question, safeguard farmers interests, maintain the stability of the grain market, and play the effective role of grain reserves of the central peoples government in the State macro-control system.5 关于“技术规范

25、”的译法:所谓“技术规范”是指对建造某一项目的技术要求和范围,规定了所用材料的质量和工艺标准,应译成 technical specifications ,而不应译成 technical norms 。按照牛津英文词典的字义解释, specifications 意为 details and instructions describing the design, materials, etc of sth to be made or done ( 规格;规格说明 ) 。例如, specifications for building a garage (建造车库的规格说明); the technic

26、al specifications of a new car ( 新汽车的技术规范 ) 。而 norms 则意为 standard or pattern that is typical (of a group, etc) , You must adapt to the norms of the society you live in. (在社会中生活就要遵循社会行为准则。)以上可见 specifications 主要用于技术上的要求,标准和规范,而 norms 主要用于行为准则,规范。下面 各例都是 指技术规范,都用 specifications 。例1:原文:中国储备粮管理总公司直属企业、中

27、央储备粮代储企业(以下统称承储企业)储存中央储备粮,应当严格执行国家有关中央储备粮管理的行政法规、规章、国家标准和技术规范,以及中国储备粮管理总公司依照有关行政法规、规章、国家标准和技术规范制定的各项业务管理制度。参考译文:The enterprises directly subordinated to the China Grain Reserves Corporation and the enterprises entrusted with the storage of grain reserves of the central people s government (hereinaft

28、er collectively referred to as the storing enterprises) shall, in the storage of grain reserves of the central people s government, strictly comply with the administrative regulations, rules, national standards andtechnical specificationson the administration of grain reserves of the central people

29、s government, and with the various business management systems formulated by the China Grain Reserves Corporation in accordance with the relevant administrative regulations, rules, national standards andtechnical specifications.例 2:原文:“Specification” means thespecificationof the Works included in th

30、e Contract and any modification thereof or addition thereto under Clause 51 or submitted by the Contractor and approved by the Engineer.参考译文:“规范”是指合同规定的工程规范,以及任何根据第 51 条或由承包人提出并经工程师批准的对规范的修改或增补。6 关于“但、但是”的译法:法律条文中的“但、但是”不能按 不 字面意思,译成 but ,这种译法意思并不准确。按 “ 重神似 ” 的原则,应把 “但、但是”内在含义译出。法律条文往往在同一个条文中对某事作了规定

31、后,需要作进一步规定时,在语气上常常用“但是”“但”等词表转折,然而,法律条文中的“但是”“但”,并不是我们平常意义中的“但是”,是法律上的“进一步规定”之意,法律英语中,我们常用 provided that , provided also that, provided however that 或 provided further that 来表示。在美国的法律文件中通常在 provided 和 that 之间用 逗号逗开 ,写成: provided , that ; provided , also , that ; provided , however , that 或 provided

32、, further , that 来表示,这些词组都表示“但规定”,“进一步规定”“但是”等意。例1:原文:受要约人在承诺期限内发出承诺,按照通常情形能够及时到达要约人,但因其他原因承诺到达要约人时超过承诺期的,除要约人及时通知受要约人因承诺超过期限不接受该承诺的以外,该承诺有效。原译文:If the offeree dispatches the acceptance within the time limit for acceptance which can reach the offeror in due time under normal circumstance,butthe acceptance reaches the offeror beyond the time limit because of other reasons, the acceptance shall be effective, except that, the offeror informs the offeree promptly that it does not a

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