水手工艺_中文版_ppt新版.pptx

1、船 艺 训 练 Seamanship Training,第一章 船用缆绳概述 第一节 船用缆绳的种类 一.植物纤维绳(natural fiber rope)1.白棕绳(manila rope)多用作辘绳及绑扎用绳(如上高作业和舷外作业时穿配滑车及搭跳时用)等受 力较小的场合及曲率较大的物体上。2.油蔴绳（tarred rope）仅用作包缠(因浸过焦油,不易腐烂,故可用于露天,但目前己逐渐为化纤绳所 代替)。3.棉蔴绳（cotton-hemp rope）因其为编织绳,且经防腐处理,故多用作旗绳和撇缆绳等(但现船上考虑到价 廉及防腐性能好的因素,已渐有用化纤绳作撇缆绳的趋向)。植物纤维绳的特性:柔

2、软、质轻、强度小、易腐。,二.化学纤维绳(synthetic fiber rope)1.尼龙绳(nylon rope)又称锦纶绳,在化纤绳中强度最大,有一定的耐酸、碱和油类的能力,伸长率 较 大,有一定的吸水性,耐温性较差(常用作糸船缆)。2.涤纶绳(terylone rope)强度仅次于尼龙绳,耐酸、碱和油类能力强,耐温性最好,吸水率仅为0.4%,但 价格最高。3.丙纶绳和乙纶绳(polypropylene rope and polyethy-lene rope)吸水性不大,乙纶绳对化学品的耐腐蚀性能最好,而丙纶绳能耐磨。但它们的 耐温性都较差。4.维尼纶绳(venylon rope)在化纤

3、绳中强度最小,伸长率小,吸水性最大,耐油类和盐类物质,耐温性较好,价格比较便宜。化纤绳特性:柔软,质轻,耐腐性较好,耐温性较差,伸长率大。,三.钢丝绳(steel wire rope)1.硬钢丝绳(stiff wire rope)P.3 图1-1-1 如:77;719等.强度最大,但最硬,操作不便,故常用于大桅支索和烟囱支 索等直来直去的地方。2.半硬钢丝绳(semiflexible wire rope)如:619+1;637+1等规格,强度不如硬钢丝绳，但较柔软,常用作拖缆、糸 船缆和保险缆等。3.软钢丝绳(flexible wire rope)如24+7;630+7等规格，在三种钢丝绳中强

4、度最小，但最柔软，常用 于糸船缆、吊货索等。油蔴芯的作用：1）减少钢丝绳内部摩擦；2）增加钢丝绳柔软度，便于操作；3）防止钢丝绳内部生锈；4）润滑。钢丝绳特性：硬，质重，强度大，伸长率小。,第二节 缆绳的制法及度量 一.制法 1.拧绞绳（laid rope）S型/Z型(即左搓绳/右搓绳)、如三股纤维绳和钢丝绳。2.编织绳(braided rope)不易扭结，但因内外层不牵扯，强度较小。常用作旗绳、撇缆绳和救生绳。3.编绞绳(cross rope)通常用作系船缆。4.复合缆(composite rope)钢丝绳与化纤绳复合，兼有强度大和柔软的特点。二.度量 1.量法:C(in.)周长 1/8 D

5、(mm)直径(1in25.4mm)2.长度:公制(每捆纤维绳:200/210m;每捆钢丝绳210/500m)英制(每捆120拓220m)(1fm=2yd,1yd=3ft,1ft=12in)3.质量:纤维绳:每200米的质量 钢丝绳:每米的质量,第三节、强度计算 一.缆绳的强度(P.5-6，1/61/2)二.缆绳强度下降的因素及程度(P.7,重点记3点),第四节、缆绳的使用、检查及保养 一.植物纤维绳 1.启用新绳的方法(细绳P.8图1-1-6.a/粗绳P.8图-1-6.b)2.鉴别绳索质地优劣的方法(外观次要，主要内部，手掰开)3.绳索的盘向(左搓型;右搓/z型)4.保养(防潮湿及受潮或海水侵

6、袭后的措施)二.化纤绳 远离热源，避晒，避剧烈摩擦(如避免绞车空转，经常摩擦处包以帆布)，低温时避免急折;三.钢丝绳 1.启用新绳的方法(转架P.9图1-1-7/甲板上滚)2.钢丝绳不应有扭结、急折(带缆时弯曲处应至少有倍绳径以上的弯曲半径，注:绳径指钢丝绳直经。)3.在钢丝绳10倍直径长度内发现断丝数超过%*(P10.勘误)或有显著变形、磨损和锈蚀时应换新;4.一根钢丝绳不能同时出两个头使用;5.平时应定期涂油防锈;6.切断钢丝绳时，应先在切断处用油麻绳扎紧，以免切断后两绳绳头发生松 散现象。,带缆注意事项：1.忌骑跨缆绳或站入绳圈;操作缆车时勿站在拉力线的延伸线上;2.遇急涨或卸货较快时，

7、松缆应分多次进行，勿次松得太多，以免其它缆 绳受力过大而绷断；3.带、解缆人员应穿戴好个人防护用品（如手套、工作鞋和安全帽等）。,第二章 绳索作业（Rope work）第一节 纤维绳绳结（knotting of fiber rope）一.knots for mooring work（糸泊作业用结）1.Slippery knot for heaving line(撇缆活结)Use:Connect heaving line with the eye of the line temporarily.用途：带缆时撇缆与大缆眼环临时连接。2.Slippery knot for mooring line(

8、糸缆活结)Use:Secure steel wire rope on bitts.Caution:Secure at least three one.用途：糸扎双糸柱上的钢缆。注意事项：至少扎住三根钢缆。3.Stopper knot(止索结)Use:Stop the movement of the line temporarily so that the securing point can be shifted from capstan to bitts.Caution:The direction of the stopper rope should be same as that of m

9、ooring line.用途：临时止住大缆的活动，以便将大缆的船方糸固点从绞缆筒转移到双糸柱上。注意事项：止索绳应朝出缆方向。4.Carrick knot(绳花结)Use:Connect broken lines temporarily 用途：临时连接两根破断的大缆。5.Bitting(挽桩结)Use:Putting the line on the bitts.用途：将缆绳挽牢在双系柱上。,二.Knots for connecting two ropes(两绳相连用结)1.Sheet bend(单索花/单编结)Use:Connect two ropes with the same or dif

10、ferent diameter,or connect rope end with rope eye.(It is often used to connect flag line with the signal flag.)用途：两根粗细相同或相近的绳头相连，或绳头连眼环用(常用于旗绳与信号旗的连接)。2.Double sheet bends（双索花/双编结）Use:It is same as sheet bend but faster than the sheet bend.It is often used on the bosuns chair.用途：同单索花，但比单索花更牢固,常用于绳与座

11、板连接。3.Reef knot(平结)Use:Connect two ropes with the same diameter.用途：两根粗细相同的细绳相连。4.Slippery reef knot(缩帆结)Use:Connect two ropes with the same diameter and easy to untie.用途：同平结，但易解。,三.拖曳和扛吊物品用结(knots for carrying articles)1.Timber hitch(圆材结)Use:It is used to haul an object,such as a spar,that has a fai

12、rly rough surface.用途：拖拉或升降圆柱形物体（如木材等）。2.Timber and half hitch(拖木结)Use:Similar to the half hitch but gives better control,and the combination is less likely to slip than the timber hitch alone.用途：同圆材结,但比圆材结更牢固。3.Sling a Cask on End（立桶结）Use:Sling a cask without a ring.用途：升降单个无耳环的桶罐。4.Carrying-pole Hit

13、ch（杠棒结）Use:It is based on Sling a Cask on End.Form double loops so that the carrying-pole or hook can be put through.Caution:The rope end should be a little longer.用途：在立桶结的基础上形成双圈,便于杠棒或货钩穿过。注意事项：绳头不宜留得太短。,四.高空作业用结(Knots for working aloft)1.Clove Hitch（丁香结）Use:To secure the rope end around the cylind

14、er such as rails and so on.Cautions:The rope end should be a little longer.The clove hitch should not be secured around the square object.The knot will be faster if you add a half hitch to it.If necessary,you can make a slippery clove hitch.用途：绳头固定在圆柱形物体上用(如栏杆等)。注意事项：绳头不能留得过短，不宜系在矩形物体上，丁香结加半结则更牢固。视需

15、要可打成 丁香活结。2.Lubans Hitch（鲁班结）Use:Similar to Clove Hitch.The hauling direction can be both vertical to and parallel to the cylinder,and even more,the knot can be made when the rope is very tight.Caution:Same as Clove Hitch.用途：与丁香结相似，且绳索受力方向既可与圆柱体垂直,也可与圆柱体平行。并在绳索受力 的情况下也可系结）。注意事项：同丁香结。3.Bowline(单套结)Us

16、e:The bowline can be used to make a loop,or used as the temporary safety harness when working aloft or outboard,and also,it can be used to connect two ropes,or,connect a rope with a loop temporarily（such as connecting the heaving line with the eye of the mooring line）Cautions:The rope end should be

17、a little longer.The knot should be hauled tight so as to prevent from deformation用途：可用于制作临时眼环、高空或舷外作业时做临时安全带，也可用于绳 与绳、绳与眼环临时连接（如撇缆与大缆眼环连接等）。注意事项：绳头不能留得太短。绳结要收紧，以防受力时变形。.,4.Bowline on a Bight（双套结）Use:It is used to substitute Bosuns Chair temporarily when working aloft or outboard.Caution:While making

18、 such a knot with a bight,the bight end should be overturned from downward to upward and it can not be done in opposite direction.While overturning,you should avoid making a slippery loop.用途：高空或舷外作业时代替座板用。注意事项：采用双股系法时，应由下往上套入双圈，而不能由上往下套入。翻环时应注意避免打成活套。5.Figure of Eight Knot（“8”形结）Use:The figure of ei

19、ght knot is used to prevent the rope end from slipping out of a block hole(It is often used to bring the blocks to a high place while working aloft).用途：防止绳头从滑车孔中滑脱（常用于上高绳穿过滑车绳孔以防绳头滑脱，以便携上高处 系结滑车）。6.Lowering hitch（松降结）Use:It is used to connect the gantline with Bosuns chair(so that the operator aloft

20、 or outboard can control the working height by himself).用途：上高绳与座板连接(供高空或舷外作业者自己控制工作点的高度)。7.Stage knot（架板结）Use:It is used to connect stage rope with the stage when working aloft or outboard(The knot can be made by two ways).用途：架板绳与架板连接用（两种打法皆可）。8.Slippery knot for stage sling（架板活结）Use:To secure the s

21、tage rope on the rail when working aloft or outboard.用途：将架板绳固定在栏杆上用（此结可用旋圆双半结来代替）。,五 Knots for Boat（救生艇用结）1.Boat Hitch（小艇结）Use:It is used to tow a life boat temporarily（It is easy to tie and untie）.用途：临时拖带救生艇用（该结易系易解）。2.Round Turn and Two Half Hitches（旋圆双半结）Use:It is Similar to Lubans Hitch but easi

22、er than it,and also can substitute Boat Hitch and faster than it.用途：用途类似鲁班结，但系结时比鲁班结更方便。也可代替小艇结，且比小艇结更牢固。六 Other Knots（其他绳结）1.Whipping（扎绳头结）Use:It is used to whip the rope end to prevent it from unlaying.用途：用于绑扎绳头，防止绳股松散。2.Rope putting away（收绳结）Use:It is used to haul tight the rope which is coiled f

23、or stowage in the deck locker.用途：用于收紧盘好的绳索。3.Cleating（羊角挽法）Use:Secure a line,such as a flag line,on a cleat.用途：系固绳索用，如系固旗绳等。,第二节.Braids of Fiber Rope（纤维绳编结）1.Monkeys Fist（撇缆头结）Use:Adding weight to rope end to make it carry further.Preparations:Prepare rope with the length of 30 to 40 meters and with

24、 the diameter of 8 mm,a bag with the iron sand,weighing 200 g or about.The steps:1)coiling clockwise 2)coiling anticlockwise 3)coiling clockwise Caution:Coiling at least 4 or 5 rounds for each direction:Adding a Bowline after hauling tight.用途：加重撇缆绳端部，以便扔得较远。准备：一根3040米长、直径8mm 的纤维绳，铁沙袋重约200g。方法：1）顺时针缠

25、圈 2）逆时针缠圈 3）顺时针缠圈 注意事项：每一方向的绳圈至少4或5道；收紧后加一单套结。,2.Spider/Turks Head（救生索中结）Use:It is used on the life line of the life boat,for the convenience of the crew boarding on the boat.Preparations:Prepare a rope with the length meeting the requirement.The distance between the two Spider Turks Head should be

26、about 50 cm,the length of each braiding rope should be about 80 cm.The steps:1)Undertucking 2)Overtucking 3)Upwardtucking parallel 4)Downwardtucking parallel Caution:Cut off the remaining part of the rope end after hauling tight.用途：用于救生艇的救生索上，便于弃船时艇员登艇用。准备：一根符合要求的救生索,每2个救生索中结的间隔距离为50cm，4根编结用绳长度各约 80

27、cm。步骤：1）挑 2）压 3）向上平行穿一次 4）向下平行穿一次 注意事项：收紧后剪去余头。,第三节.Splice For Three-strand Fiber Rope（三股纤维绳插接）1.Back Splice（绳头反插接）Use:It is used to prevent the rope end from unlaying and faster than Whipping.用途：防止绳头松散。2.Eye Splice（眼环插接）Use:It is used to make an eye at the end of the mooring or guy for the convenie

28、nce of putting over the bitt or connecting the shackle.Cautions:The rope end should be unlaid about 56 times of circumference.Tuck 3 rounds after the beginning Cut off the remaining part of the rope end but remain a rope end with the length of 2 or 3 cm.用途：在带缆，稳索等端部做成环，便于套缆桩或连接卸扣。注意事项:散头松开5-6倍周长；起头完

29、后插3花；余头留2-3厘米，然后割去余尾。3.Short splice（短插接）Use:It is used to connect two three-strand fiber rope with the same diameter.Caution:The rope end should be unlaid about five or six times of circumference.Tuck three rounds on both sides after the beginning.Cut off the remaining part of the rope end but remai

30、n a rope end with the length of two or three centimeters.用途：连接两根同样粗细的三股纤维绳。注意事项:散头松开5-6倍周长；起头完后插2花；余头留约23厘米，然后割去余尾。,第四节 Splice for Eight-strand Synthetic Fiber Rope（八股化纤编绞缆插接）1.Eye Splice（眼环插接）Use:It is used to make an eye at the end of the mooring line of eight-strand synthetic fiber rope for the c

31、onvenience of putting over the bitt Preparations:Whip the rope with a small line at the distance of five or six times of the circumference from the rope end,then unlay the strands,and also,whip every strand temporarily.The method:Tuck along the parallel strand for three rounds.Caution:Cut off the re

32、maining part of the rope end but remain a rope end with the length of five centimeters.用途：在八股化纤编绞缆端部制成眼环，供带缆用。准备：距绳端5-6倍周长处用小绳临时扎牢，然后将头散开，并将各分股 也临时扎牢。方法：顺着平行股插，共插三花。注意事项：绳头留约5厘米，然后割去余尾既可。,2.Short Splice（短插接）Use:Connect the broken ropes with the same diameter.Preparations:Preparations:Whip the rope w

33、ith a small line at the distance of five or six times of the circumference from the rope end,then unlay the strands,and also,whip every strand temporarily.The method:Tuck the both rope ends parallel in the opposite direction for three rounds at both rope ends.Caution:Cut off the remaining parts of the rope end but remain a rope end with the length of five centimeters 用途：连接两根同样粗细的断缆。准备：同上。方法：两绳头相向平