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专升本考试英语语法总结.docx

1、专升本考试英语语法总结一、句子成分与基本结构 (包括时态) 2二、不定式 . 6三、动词的时态和语态 30般现在时的特例 30般过去时的注意点 31般将来时的注意点 31四、非谓语动词 32五、复合式谓语 42六、动词的虚拟语气 46七、状语从句 . 511、时间状语从句 512. 地点状语从句 543、原因状语从句 544条件状语从句 555让步状语从句 556目的状语从句 567结果状语从句 568方式状语从句 57一、句子成分与基本结构(包括时态)?主语 subject谓语 predicate宾语object宾语补足语 object complement表语 predictive定语 a

2、ttributive状语 adverbialWARM-U: 1)The teacher in the classroom. 2)Sang many songs and danced happily. 3)She attracts.4)Many people living in the country. 5)All the books on the desk over there.以上这些形式都不能构成英语句子。英语句子(sentence)=主语+谓语(核心:主动词)I .八大成分的概念和构成1 主语(名词代词形):句子的主体,是谓语陈述,说明的对象。If you want the rain b

3、ow you have to put up with the rain.不经历风雨,怎么见彩虹。The secret of success is to start from scratch and keep on scratch ing.成功的秘诀在于从磨练开始,并要坚持不断磨练。充当主语的形式:1)名词2)代词3)名词短语4)名词从句5)数词6)不定式7) -ing形式8)介词短语(少见)形式主语(名词从句,不定式,动名词)(见第六讲主语和宾语)2谓语:表示主语的行为或进行的活动。I have a dream.You don always want what you need, or nee

4、d what you want.所需之物未必皆所欲,所欲未必皆所需。谓语形式:动词(英语句子的灵魂)3 宾语:行为或活动的对象,接受者或受影响者。You don tfind opportunities you make them.你找不到机会。你得去创造机会。You probably won hear opportu nity knock if your televisi on is always on.如果你常开着电视,你就可能听不到机会的敲门声。充当宾语形式:1)名词2)代词3 )名词短语4 )名词从句5)数词6)不定式7) -ing形式形式宾语(名词从句,不定式,动名词)(见第六讲主语和

5、宾语)4 表语:说明主语的身份和情况。 (跟在系动词后)Time is mon ey.Three o lock is always too late or too early for anything you want to do.你想做什么事,三点钟总是太早或太迟。构成形式:1)名词2)形容词3)代词4)数词5)不定式6)ing形式7)过去分词8)副词9)介词短 语10)小品词11)名词从句5 补语:补充说明。(由动词类别来决定)构成形式:1)名词2)代词3)形容词4)数词5)不定式6) -ing形式7)过去分词8)介词短语9)副词小品词10)名词从句主语补语Tom was made mon

6、 itor.宾语补语I made Tom mon itor.表语补语I am sure to succeed.6. 定语:对名词性形式进行范围限定。This is beautiful music.There are only two kinds of music good and bad.自古音乐分两种,好的和坏的。构成形式:1)限定词2)形容词3)名词4)数词5)不定式6) -ing形式7)过去分词8)介词短语9)副词10)关系从句7. 同位语:对被修饰对象进行补充说明或进一步解释。Puff, the magic drag on, lived by the sea.构成形式:1)名词2)代词

7、3)名词短语4)数词5)不定式6) -ing形式7)名词从句8. 状语:修饰词,短语,从句和整句。位置:自由自在。1)修饰性状语:修饰动词,形容词,畐恫等(时间,地点,肯定,否定,程度,频度,方式,伴随,原因,目的,比较等)。Can you feel the love tonight?Home n ever looks so good as whe n you come back from gett ing away from it.只有岀走又回家时,家才最感亲切。2) 连接性状语:连接上下文(顺序,递进,转折,让步,结果,推论,比较)First comes spring, then summ

8、er.I e never been to America, therefore I don tknow much about it.3) 评述性状语:修饰整个句子,表示说话人的看法或态度。Fran kly speak ing, the food is not very good.英语句子成分歌英语句子八呀八大块,主谓宾表真呀真实在;补语跟着宾语表语跑,定语同位(语)专把名词踹。状语的位置它自由自在,忽右忽左随心所欲摆。浑身的毛病真呀真不少,II 成分关系前后乱窜它还会加塞。(RAP1 补语跟着宾语表语跑:补语跟在宾语和表语的后面构成宾补和表补。把有宾补的句子变成被动语态,则宾补就变成了主补。T

9、o love others makes us happy to love ourselves makes us Ion ely. (宾补)We are made happy to love others we are made Ion ely to love ourselves. (主补)爱他人使我们幸福,在自己使我们孤单。2.定语,同位(语)专把名词踹:定语,同位语修饰名词性形式Experie nee is the best teacher. (被定语所修饰的形式为名词)(同位语所修饰的形式They are going to Melbourne, the beautiful city in

10、southern Australia.为名词)3谓语动词由状语修饰When you reach for the stars, you may not quite get one, but you won tcome up with a han dfulof sand either.你想摘下天上的星星,可能一个也摘不下;但也不会一无所获。1、主语:(1) 由名词、代词(人称代词用主格)、动词不定式、动名词等充当 ,说明动作是 谁”发岀的。如:The painter painted a very nice picture.( 画家画了一幅漂亮的画。 )/ They fought agai nst

11、SARS bravely.( 他们勇敢地与非典搏斗。 )/ To see is to believe.( 耳听为虚眼见为实 )./ Helpi ng ani mals is to help people.( 帮助动物就是帮助人类。)(2) 动词不定式或动名词做主语时可用 it代替,而不定式或动名词移至表语或宾语之后。如: It is very comfortable to have a Class A seat during the long journey.(在长途旅行中能有个甲等座位简直太舒服了。 )/ Eati ng too much is bad for your health.(=I

12、t is bad for your health eating too much.)( 吃得太多对你的身体不利。 )口语中常见主语或 主-系省略:(It is) nothing.(那)没有什么。)/ (It) doesn matter.(那)没有关系。)/ (I) thank you.( 我)谢谢你。) 反意问句的附加问句,主语必须是代词: The man looks worried,doesn the?(这个人看上去很着急不是吗?)/ Tigers are dan gerous ani mals, are n they?( 老虎是危险的动物不是吗? )(5)祈使句一般省略主语。加主语时往往用

13、来指定某个人。Keep the keyboards clean, children.( 孩子们请保持键盘的清洁。 )(省略了主语)/ You go there and fetch me a glass of water.( 你去给我弄一杯水来。 )(6) 主语一般在句首,但在问句中会处于第二位和句尾;倒装句及 there be句型主语在动词之后。女口: Computers are made in this factory.( 计算机生产于这家工厂。 )/ Where are they?( 他们在哪儿? )/ Does the boy like staying home?( 这个男孩喜欢呆在家里

14、吗? )(7) 主语与谓语必须保持单、复数的一致 ,而谓语与表语或宾语之间没有这一要求。Neither Jim nor Rose has passed the exam. (Jim 和口 Rose 者0没有通过考试。 )/ The Chi nese people are a hardwork ing and brave people.( 中华民族是一个勤劳勇敢的民族。 )2、谓语:(1) 由不及物动词”及物动词+宾语”或系动词+表语”等构成,说明主语所表示的人物 干什么”或怎么 样”如:He travelled in space for the first time.( 他首次在太空旅行。 )

15、/ Who teaches you En glish this year?( 今年谁教你们的英语? )/ The pizza has go ne bad.( 那块烤馅饼已经变坏。 )/(2) 谓语动词必须反映岀人称、单复数、时态等信息 ,谓语动词往往由下列词语依序排列构成:情态动词 + 时态助动词+ 语态助动词+ 主要动词(不一定全部岀现)。(见动词的时态和语态构成表 ) 记住:谓语部分第一个动词往往是变形动词。如:I am sorry I am mak ing so much noise but I have to.( 对不起我发岀了太大的声音但是只能这样。 )/ He can have f

16、inished reading the 800-page-long novel.( 他不可能读完了那本长达 800 页的小说。)/ Somethi ng must be done to stop the fowl flu from spread ing out.( 该采取措施防止禽流感蔓延。)二、不定式一、作主语不定式作主语动词不定式作主语时,句子的谓语动词常用单数,其位置有以下两种:(1) 把不定式置于句首。如:To get there by bike will take us half an hour.(2) 用it作形式主语,把真正的主语不定式置于句后, 常用于下列句式中如:1 )It

17、+ be+名词+ to doIts our duty to take good care of the old.2 It takes sb+some time+to doHow long did it take you to finish the work?不定式作宾语1 以下动词后,只能跟不定式作宾语。如:agree,ask,aim,arra nge,choose,decide,dema nd,expect,fail ,help,hope,lea n,long,man age,offer,pla n,prepare,prete nd,promise,refuse,wish 等,这些词大部分可

18、接that引导的从句。如:I decided to ask for my money back.I decided that I would ask for my money back.Whenour visit to the farm was over,we expected to startback on foot.Whe n our visit to the farm was over, we expected that wewould startback on foot.2 当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时, 先用形式宾语it代替不定式,把不定式置于补语之后,即:王语+动 词+ it +补

19、语+ to do 句式。如:We thi nk it quite importa nt for us to lear n a foreig nlan guage well.He feels it his duty to help the poor.3 介词 but,except,besides+to do(do)在这种句型中,如介词前有动词do,后面应接不带to的不定式;如无do, 则接to不定式,即带do不带to , 带to不带do。如:The en emy soldiers had no choice but to give in.On Sun day after noon I had n

20、o thi ng to do but watch TVIt is +adj.+ to do sth 句型It is difficult for us to finish writing the compositionin a quarterof an hour.4 It + be+形容词+ of sb + to doIt is stupid of you to write down everything the teachersays.5 It seems(appears) +形容词+ to doIt seemed impossible to save mon ey.在句型中,常用表示客观情况

21、的形容词,如:difficult,easy,hard,importa nt,impossible, necessary 等;在句型中,常用careless,clever,good,foolish,h on est,ki nd,lazy, nice,right,silly,stupid,wise 等 表示赞扬或批评的词。在不定式前的sb,可看作其逻辑主 语。这一句式有时相当于 Sb is +形容词+ to do句式,如: Itskind of you to help me with my English.二You are kind to helpme with my En glish.2. 动词

22、+to do (作宾语)动词不定式做宾语其实你只要把不定式(to do sth)看成一个名词即可,它属于五种基本句型里的主+谓+宾结构,例如I beg to differ.我不敢苟 同.能用此结构的动词有:决心 deci de det er m n 学会 l ear n 想 want 希望 expect wi sh hope,拒绝 ref use设法nan age str i ve 愿 care 假装 prete nd,主动 of er 答应 pronri se 选 choose 计划pl an,同意agree请求ask beg帮一帮hel p.为方便记忆大家把汉字连成句.另外再加上 affo

23、rd t o do sth 承担的起3. 在一些动词之后,可以在连接代词(what/who/whi ch)或者连接副词( how/ when/ where)以及 whet her 后面接一个带 t o 的动词不定式。这种结构是连接词宾语从句的简略形式。I wonder who t o invi te. (= who I shoul d i nvi te)Show us what t o do. (=what we nust do)I dont know whet her to answer hi s l ett er. (=此处不用 i f)4. . 不定式作宾语时, 如带有宾语补足语, 则要

24、把不定式放到后面, 用 i t 作形式宾语,构成主语+动词+i t+宾补(形容词,名词)+不定式He found i t very di ffi cul t to get t o sleep.他发现很难入睡.注意:常用此结构的动词有 consider,judge,nake,feel,nake 等。句型例旬解释1)动词+ it +宾补(名词或形容词)+1宾语to do.亠 - The development of steel nibs makes it possible to develop pere-不定式作宾语后置 了.需要形式宾语 it42)动H + it+宾补(名词或形容词)+i tha

25、t宾语从句The developnient of stel nibs makes it ptible jhat people can develop pens.that从旬柞宾语后置 了 需要形式宾语饥3)动词十宾补(名词 或形容词*名词宾 语The development of steel nibs makes 呻sibh the development of pens.名词短语作宾语旨 置了 不需要形式宾 ito賣要结论盅在4*宾语*宾语补足语”的结构中,若将不定式宾语或从句宾语 放在补足语后边则殖加上影式戾语it;名词宾语肩買不能加影式宾语itc 句型四: 形容词+ to do sth句

26、子主语与不定式动词存在这种动宾关系的情况下.我们要 注意以下三点:1) 不定式动词一般于毋輩咎安(垠容易出错)尔 English is difficult to be spoken. *b. Football is interesting to be watched. *2) 不定式后不能再加宾语:a. Football is very interesting to watch it* *She is nice to talk to her. *3) 不定式动词所带的介词不能省路:乳 She is interesting to listen* * “b. She is easy to get

27、on. *of sb to do用来说明人的性格特征和行为表现的动态形容词与不定式连用,常用 brave,careful cruel, generous,clever, foolish, kind,modest, pilite, nice,rude,stupid, 等形容词It is wise of you not to agree with you.It is generous of him to lend me his car,不定式作状语1. 作目的状语(1) I stayed there to see what would happen.2 Henry has decided to g

28、o to the hospital to be exam in edby the doctor.(2) 有时为了强调,不定式前可加 in order 或 so as 。如:Bob took down my telephone number so as(in order)not toforget it.有时为强调目的状语可把 in order to 或不定式置于句首,但 so as to 不 能这样用。在这种句式中不定式部 分可转换为 so that,in order that, 成为目的状 语从句,如:I stayed there so that (in order that)I could

29、see whatwould happen.(3) 在部分表示感情色彩的形容词、过去分词或动词之后可接不定式,如: astonished,glad,happy,laugh ,pleased, sad,smile,sorry,surprised等。1 We are glad to hear the n ews.2 I was surprised to see that a three-year-old baby could write sowell.在部分形容词后接不定式,用主动形式表示被动意义,这种句型中的主语 是不定式的逻辑宾语。如: The question raised by thestu

30、dent is difficult to answer.The room is really comfortable to live in. 常这样用的形容词有: comfortable,easy,dangerous,difficult,expensive,fit,impossible 等。2. 作结果状语We came home after our holiday to find our garden neat and tidy. 不定式作结果状语还常用在下列句式中。如:1 soas to;such as toIm not so stupid(a fool) as to put it in

31、writing. 我不至于愚蠢到会把它写下来。Im not such a stupid fool as to put it in writing.2 eno ugh toThe speed is high enough for us to catch up with thefirst liner.3 only toJane hurried back only to find her mother dying inthehospital.4 too toIm too tired to stay up longer.但在下列结构中,tooto并非是“太 而不能 ”之意。如:1 rm only too glad to

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