非谓语动词在句中成分易混淆点及其特殊句式.docx

1、非谓语动词在句中成分易混淆点及其特殊句式非谓语动词在句中成分易混淆点及其特殊句式考点：不定式的完成式、被动式、进行式、否定结构及省略形式；不定式和分词作后置定语的区别；只能接动名词的动词和接动名词、不定式有区别的动词的用法；动名词的被动用法及分词作为定语、状语、宾补的用法。不定式作宾语： 常与不定式作宾语连用的动词有：want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer，afford，ask，decide，expect，intend，等。 如果不定式（宾

2、语）后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语（不定式）后置，放在宾语补足语后面，如： Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia. 马克思认为研究俄国的形势很重要。 动词不定式在介词but后面时，如果介词之前有行为动词do的各种形式，那么这些介词后的不定式不带to；否则就要带to。另外在cant choose but和cant help but等后面的不定式也省略to。如： I have no choice but to stay here.我别无选择只有待在这儿。 动词不定式作动词tell，show，underst

3、and，explain，teach，learn，advise，discuss等词的宾语时，前面常带疑问词。即：疑问词(how，when，where，what，who).+to do。如： He gave us some advice on how to learn English. 他给了我们一些就如何学英语的建议。不定式作宾语补足语： 动词不定式作动词feel,hear，see，watch，notice，observe等感官动词以及have,let，make等使役动词后面的宾语补足语时，不定式符号to要省略。但如果这些句子变成被动结构时，就必须带to符号。如： I saw him cross

4、 the road.我看到他过了街道。 He was seen to cross the road.他被看到过了街道。 现在分词作宾语补足语： 如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语：see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。如： Can you hear her singing the song in the next room？你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗？ He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他让小汽车在门口等着。不定式

5、作定语：如果不定式修饰time, place, way，可以省略介词： He has no place to live.他没有住的地方。 This is the best way to work out this problem.这是解决这个问题的最好的办法。 动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系： 当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式既可以用主动语态，也可用被动语态，但其含义有所不同。试比较： Have you got anything to send （你有什么东西要寄吗？不定式to send的动作执行者是“你”） Have you

6、 got anything to be sent （你有什么要（我或别人）寄的东西吗？不定式to be sent的动作执行者是“我”或“别人”）用不定式作定语的几种情况 1.不定式表将来 I borrowed some books to read during my holiday.我借了几本书在假期里读。 2.用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no,all，any等限定的中心词。如： He was the best man to do the job.他是做这项工作的最佳人选。 She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic

7、Games. 她是在奥运会上获得金牌的第一个女人。 3.用于修饰的词是抽象名词时，常见的有：ability，chance，idea，fact，excuse，promise，answer，reply，attempt，belief，way，reason，moment，time等。如： Do you have the ability to read and write English 你具备读、写英语的能力吗？不定式作状语 表目的 He worked day and night to get the money.为了挣钱，他日日夜夜的工作。 注意不定式放句首时，逻辑主语与句子主语要一致： 为了省钱，

8、能用的方法都用上了。 （)To save money, every means has been tried. ()To save money, he has tried every means. 表结果 He arrived late to find the train gone.他来晚了，结果发现火车开走了。 常用only放在不定式前表示强调： I visited him only to find him out.我来拜访他，结果发现他出去了。 表原因 They were very sad to hear the news.听到这个消息他们非常伤心。 表程度 Its too dark fo

9、r us to see anything.天太黑了，我们什么也看不清。 The question is simple for him to answer.这道问题对他来说太容易回答了。 作独立成分 To tell you the truth, I dont like the way he talked. 说实话，我不喜欢他说话的方式。 现在分词作状语 作时间状语 (While)Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker. 在工厂工作时，他是一名先进工人。 作原因状语 Being a League member, he is always

10、helping others. 由于是共青团员，他经常帮助他人。 作方式状语，表示伴随 He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他待在家里，又擦又洗。 作条件状语 (If)Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time. 要是整天玩，你就会浪费宝贵的时间。 作结果状语 He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces.他把杯子掉了，结果摔得粉碎。 作目的状语 He went swimming the other day. 几天前他去游泳了。 作让步状语 Th

11、ough raining heavily, it cleared up very soon. 虽然雨下得很大，但不久天就晴了。 与逻辑主语构成独立主格 I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my heard. 我等汽车时，一只鸟落到我头上。 All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly. 所有的票已经卖光了，他们失望地离开了。 Time permitting, well do another two exercises. 如果时间允许，我们将做另两个练习。 有时也可用

12、with (without)+名词（代词宾格）+分词形式 With the lights burning, he fell asleep.他点着灯睡着了。 作独立成分 Judging from(by)his appearance, he must be an actor. 从外表看，他一定是个演员。 Generally speaking, girls are more careful. 一般说来，女孩子更细心。 过去分词作状语 1）表示原因 Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents. 受到邻居们的表扬，他成为父母

13、的骄傲。 2）表示时间 Once seen, it can never be forgotten. 一旦它被看见，人们就忘不了。 3）表示条件 Given more time, Ill be able to do it better.如果给予更多的时间，我能做得更好。 4）表示让步 Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy. 虽然被告之有危险，他仍然冒生命危险去救那个孩子。 Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave. 心中充满了希望与恐惧，他走进

14、山洞。 不定式完成式的三种用法一、表示发生在谓语动作之前的动作He seems to have caught a cold. 他似乎感冒了。 I hate to have quarreled with her. 我后悔和她吵架了。 I believe it to have been a mistake. 我相信这是一个错误。 You appear to have travelled quite a lot. 你似乎作过多次旅行。 Im sorry to have given you so much trouble. 二.某个给定的时间之前已完成的动作I hope to have finishe

15、d the work by now. 三、表示过去未曾实现的想法和愿望I should like to have come earlier. 我本想早点来的。 We were to have been married last year. 1)动名词与不定式的区别：动名词表达的是： 状态，性质，心境，抽象，经常性，已发生的不定式表达的是： 目的，结果，原因，具体，一次性，将发生的 2)有的句子接不定式或动名词，意义相同，但前后要一致。如To see is to believe.Seeing is believing.3)在下列情况下，一般要用不定式： hate,like,love前有would

16、(should)时，如：Id like to have a cup of coffee. 当谓语动词begin,continue,start等是进行式时，如：Thestudents are starting to work on the di fficult maths problem. begin,continue,start与know,understand等状态动词连用时，如：I soon began to understand what was happening. advise,allow,encourage,forbid,permit等动词后接动名词作宾语，或带不定式作宾语补足语。如

17、： Our teachers dont permit our/us swimming in the lake. Our teachers dont permit us to swim in the lake. 4）动名词与不定式语义不同的有11 组1 forget doing/to do2 stop doing/to do3 remember doing/to do4 regret doing/to doregret to do对要做的事遗憾。(未做) regret doing对做过的事遗憾、后悔。(已做) 5 cease doing/to docease to do长时间，甚至永远停做某事。

18、 cease doing短时停止做某事，以后还会接着做。 That department has ceased to exist forever. 那个部门已不复存在。 The girls ceased chatting for a moment when their teacher passed by. 6 try doing/to dotry to do努力，企图做某事。 try doing试验，试着做某事。 You must try to be more careful. I tried gardening but didnt succeed. 7 go on doing/to dogo

19、 on to do做了一件事后，接着做另一件事。 go on doing继续做原来做的事。 8 be afraid doing/to dobe afraid to do不敢，胆怯去做某事，是主观上的原因不去做，意为怕； be afraid of doing担心出现doing的状况、结果。 doing 是客观上造成的，意为生怕，恐怕。 She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake. 她生怕被蛇咬着，而不敢在草丛中再走一步。 She was afraid to wa

20、ke her husband. 她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。 She was afraid of waking her husband. 她生怕吵醒她丈夫。 9 be interested doing/to dointerested to do对做某事感兴趣，想了解某事。 interested in doing对某种想法感兴趣，doing 通常为想法。 I shall be interested to know what happens. 我很想知道发生了什么事。 (想了解) Im interested in working in Switzerland. Do you have any idea a

21、bout that? 10 mean to doing/to domean to do打算、想 mean doing意味着 I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. 我想去，但是我父亲不肯让我去。 To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. 赠加工资意味着增加购买力。 11 begin(start) doing/to dobegin / start to do sth begin / start doing sth. 1)谈及一项长期活动或开始一种习惯时，使用doing. How

22、old were you when you first started playing the piano? 2)begin, start用进行时时，后面动词用不定式to do I was beginning to get angry。 3)在attempt, intend, begin, start 后接know, understand, realize这类动词时，常用不定式to do。 I begin to understand the truth。 4)物作主语时 It began to melt. 12 consider doing/sb to do/be1) consider doi

23、ng 考虑2)consider sb. to do 认为 注意：consider后不加不定式5)如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语： devoteto, face up to(勇敢地面对),object to(反对),take to(养 成习惯,对感兴趣;开始从事某种活动), admit to，confess to坦白，be accustomed to ，be used to ， stick to ， turn to， devote oneself to ，be devoted to ，pay attention toenjoy, finish, suggest, avoid， excuse ,d

24、elay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit（承认），deny, mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk（冒险）, appreciate, be busy, be worth, feel like, cant stand, cant help, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent.(from),keep .from, stop.(from）,protect.from, set about, be engaged in, spend.(in), succeed in, insis

25、t on, feel like，不定式的特殊句型1、so as to表示目的；它的否定式是so as not to do。 Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job. Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby. 2、so kind as to -劳驾 Would you be so kind as to tell me the time? 3、Its for sb.和 Its of sb. Its very hard for him to study two languages

26、. Its very nice of you to help me. 4、不定式的特殊句型tooto1）tooto太以至于2) 如在too前有否定词，则整个句子用否定词表达肯定， too后那个词表达一种委婉含义，意 为不太。 Its never too late to mend.(谚语) 改过不嫌晚。 3)当too 前面有only, all, but时，意思是：非常 等于very。 Im only too pleased to be able to help you. He was but too eager to get home. 5、There be句型句中的动词不定式在There be句型中的动词不定式 For example There are too much homework to write. There are students writing too much homework.6、在why引起的问句中,省略to.如: Why spend such a lot of money Why not wait for a couple of days 7、当两个或更多作用相同的不定式并列使用时,只在第一个不定式前加to.如: Its quite necessary for us to read more and have more practice.