自考英语词汇学翻译精华整理概述.docx

1、自考英语词汇学翻译精华整理概述English Lexicology(英语词汇学)1.English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages.英语词汇学旨在调查和研究英语单词和单词的等价物的形态结构,其语义结构、关系、历史发展、形成和用法。2.En

2、glish Lexicology is correlated with such linguistic disciplines as morphology(形态学), semantics(语义学), etymology(词源学),stylistics（文体论） and lexicography(词典学)Chapter 1-Basic concepts of words and vocabulary1.Word（词的定义）: A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syn

3、tactic function. (1)a minimal free form of a language (2)a sound unity (3)a unit of meaning (4)a form that can function alone in a sentence词语是语言最小的自由形式，拥有固定的声音和意义以及句法作用。2.Sound and meaning（声音与意义）: almost arbitrary, “no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and th

4、e actual thing and idea itself” 词语是一个符号，代表着世界上其他的事物。每种世界文化已经赞成一定的读音将代表一定的人，事，地方，特性，过程，行动，当然是在语言系统之外。这种象征性的联系几乎总是主观的，并且“在代表事物和思想的声音和实际的事物和思想之间没有法定关系”3.Sound and form（读音和形式）:不统一的四个原因（1）the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans,which does not have a separate letter to represent each other内因是因为英语

5、字母表采用罗马字母，罗马字母没有独立的字母代表每个读音，因此一些字母代表两个读音或者组合在一起发音。 （2）the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years另一个原因是发音比拼写的变化快，在一些时候还拉开了距离。在最近五百年里，尽管口语发音已经出现了显著的变化，却没有相应的拼写变化。（3）some of the difference were created by the early scribes第三个原因是一些早期的书写员发明了一些不同。（4）the borrowings is an import

6、ant channel of enriching the English vocabulary最后借词来了，这是丰富英语词汇的重要途径。（5）printing印刷已经变得非常普及。它有助于固定单词的拼写、standardization标准化使得拼写不容改变。、dictionary字典在拼写终结中得到好处。Old English,The speech of the time was represented very much more faithfully in writing than it is today. 古代英语中的口语比今天更忠实的代表书面语The written form of E

7、nglish is an imperfect representation of the spoken form。英语的书写是发音形式不完善的代表4.What is vocabulary？（1）Total number of the words in a language一个语言的单词综合（2）Words used in a particular historical period 特殊历史时期使用的单词（3）All the words of a dialect，a book ，a discipline.某个方言，书籍，学科中的所有单词5. Classification of English

8、Words：英语词汇由所有种类的词汇组成。它们可以根据不同的标准或者不同的目的进行分类。By use frequency:basic word stock&nonbasic vocabulary根据使用频率，单词可以分为基础词和非基础词。By notion:content words&functional words可以根据概念分成实词和虚词By origin:native words&borrowed words可以根据来源分为本地词和借词。6. The basic word stock（基本词汇）: is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulat

9、ed over centuries and forms the common core of the language. Though it constitute a small percentage of the EV, it is the most important part of vocabulary. 基础词是几世纪积累的词汇的基础，构成语言的核心。尽管基础词占英语词汇比例小，它仍然是最重要的组成部分。7. The Fundamental Features of the Basic Word Stock(基本词汇的基本特征):1)All-National character（全民通用

10、性most important） 2)Stability（相对稳定性 relative） 3)Productivity（多产性 are mostly root words or monosyllabic words） 4)Polysemy（多义性） 5)Collocability（可搭配性）8. nonbasic vocabulary(1)Terminology(术语) (2)Jargon（行话） (3)slang（俚语） (4)Argot（暗语） （5）Dialectal words(方言) (6) Archaisms（古语） (7) Neologisms（新词语）:Neologisms m

11、eans newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings.(email) 是新建立的词或者表达，或者已经采用新意的词。9. Terminology consists of technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas as in medicine、in mathematics、in music、in education. 包括特定学科的技术术语和学术领域Jargon refers to the speci

12、alized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades and professions communicate among themselves用于特定的词汇，通过特定艺术，科学，商业和专业领域的成员在彼此之间交流Slang belongs to the sub-standard language ,a category that seems to stand between the standard general words including informal ones available to

13、everyone and in-group words like cant, jargon, and argot俚语粗话属于低等语言，处在标准通用语言，（包括每人用的非正式词汇）和团体内部语言包括cant(任何下等团体的行话)，jargons,argot10. slang is colourful, blunt, expressive and impressive俚语生动，直率，印象深刻而且感人11. Certain words are labeled slang not because their appearance or pronunciation but because of thei

14、r usage特定词被标示为“俚语”不是因为他们的写法和发音，而是因为他们的用法12. Content words/notional words实词Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as notional words. They include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals内容词表示清楚的概念，因为被认为是概念词。他们包括名词，动词。形容词，副词和数词13. functional words/empty words虚词Functional words do

15、not have notions of their own. Therefore, they are also called empty words. As their chief function is to express the relation between notions, the relation between words as well as between sentences, they are known as form words. Prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliaries and articles belong to this c

16、ategory. 功能词没有他们自己的概念。因此，他们也称作“空词”。由于他们的主要功能是去表达概念间的关系，词语间和句子间的关系，他们被认为是“结构词”。介词，连词，辅助词和冠词属于这一类14.区别：Content words, which constitute the main body of the English vocabulary, are numerous, and the number is ever growing whereas functional words, which make up a very small number of the vocabulary, re

17、main stable. However, functional words do far more work of expression in English on average than content words 内容词，构成了英语词汇的主体，是数量多的。并且那数量还在增长，然而，功能词，只占词汇的很少一部分，保持稳定。然而，功能词比内容词在表达上做了更多的工作15. Native words本地词：1. Neutral in style风格中性2. Frequent in use使用频繁（1）Words of Anglo-Saxon origin are small in numbe

18、r, amounting to roughly 50,000 to 60,000盎格鲁撒克逊源头词数量很少，大约在50000到60000之间（2）they form the mainstream of the basic word stock 他们构成了基本词汇的主流（3）stand at the core of the language处在语言的核心16. Words taken over from foreign languages are known as borrowed words or loan words or borrowings in simple terms从外国带来的词被

19、认为是“借词”“借代词”或者“所借的”17. Denizens are words borrowed early in the past and now well assimilated into the English language. 同化词是过去早期借词，现在很好的同化进了英语Aliens are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling非同化词是保留了原始发音和拼写的借词Translation-loans are words and expressions formed f

20、rom the existing material in the English language but modelled on the patterns taken from another language. 翻译借词是从英语中的现有材料中取材构成，但是模仿其他语言的构成方式。Semantic-loans. Words of this category are not borrowed with reference to the form. But their meanings are borrowed. 借义词这类词不是参考形式借来，但是他们的意义是借来的。Chapter 2 the

21、development of the English Vocabulary第二章 英语词汇的发展1. The English language is not the language of the early inhabitants of the British Isles. 英语不是英国群岛上原住民的语言。2. The Indo-European Language Family(印欧语系) The Eight Groups in Indo-European Family of Languages（8大印欧语群）The Eastern set:（1）The Balto-slavic Group

22、（波罗的-斯拉夫语族）：Prussian, Lithuanian, Polish, Czech, Bulgarian, Slovenian and Russian普鲁士语，立陶宛语，波兰语，捷克语，保加利亚语，斯洛文尼亚语，俄语（2）The Indo-Iranian Group（印度-伊朗语族）：Persian, Bengali, Hindi, Romany波斯语，孟加拉语，印地语，吉普赛语(3)The Armenian Group（亚美尼亚语族）：Armenian.(4)The Albanian Group（阿尔巴尼亚语族）：Albanian.The Western set:(5)The H

23、ellenic Group（古希腊语族）：Greek.(6)The Italian Group（意大利语族）：Latin ,Romance languages(French,Italian,Spanish, portuguese,Romanian) etc. 五种拉丁语言，就是葡萄牙语，西班牙语，法语，意大利语，罗马尼亚语都属于意大利语系(7)The Celtic Group（凯尔特语族）：Scottish, Irish, Welsh, Breton, etc苏格兰语，爱尔兰语，威尔士语，布里多尼语等(8)The Germanic Group（日耳曼语族）：German, Dutch, Fle

24、mish and English,Scandinavian(Norwegian, Icelandic, Danish and Swedish) etc. ，德语，荷兰语，弗兰德语和英语 （挪威语， 冰岛语，丹麦语和瑞典语）这些都被称作斯堪的纳维亚语言3.A historical overview of the English Vocabulary英语词汇的历史概述（1）The first inhabitants were Celts. Their languages were Celtic. 现在所指最早的居民是凯尔特人，他们的语言仍然是印欧语系的另一分支凯尔特语的方言（2）The secon

25、d major language known in England was the Latin of the Roman Legions. In 55-54 B.C., the Romans invaded the British Isles英国的第二种主要语言是罗马军团的拉丁语，在公元前55到54年，罗马人入侵英伦群岛（3）Celtic made only a small contribution to the English vocabulary凯尔特语只对英语词汇有很小的贡献4. Old English (450-1150) (vocabulary 50,000 to 60,000)=

26、Anglo-Saxon（1）Latin-speaking Roman missionaries under came to spread Christianity in Britain at the end of the 6th century. 在6世纪末期，拉丁语的罗马传教士来传播基督教（2）users of Old English did not borrow as heavily from Latin or other languages in this period as they did later古代英语的使用者并不像他们后来做的那样大量从拉丁和其他语言借词（3）The comm

27、on practice was to create new words by combining two native words.handbook通常情况用组合两个本地词的形式来创造新词（4）many Scandinavian words came into the English language许多斯堪的纳维亚词汇进入了英语（5）it was a high inflected language with complex endings它是高度转折的语言正象现代的德语5.Middle English (1150-1500):retaines much fewer inflections（1

28、）The Norman conquest started a continual flow of French words into English诺曼征服开始了法国词汇不断进入英语的洪流（2）The situation of three languages(Latin,French,English)existing simultaneously continued for over a century三种语言并存的情况存在了一百多年（3）Britain had trade relations with the low countries，especially Holland英国和低等国家有贸

29、易关系，特别是荷兰（4）Middle English retained much fewer inflections中世纪英语保留更少的转折If we say that Old English was a language of full endings，Middle English was one of leveled endings. 如果我们说老英语是一种拥有完整结尾的语言,中世纪英语是一个水平结尾。6.Modern English (1500-up to now): （1）Early（1500-1700）（2）late （1700-up to the present）（1）In the

30、 early period of Modern English，known as the Renaissance，many new words taken by scholars from Latin and Greek entered into English许多是学者从拉丁文和希腊文中提取（2）Latinate flavour of Modern English现代英语的拉丁风格。（3）In the mid-seventeenth century，English absorbed words from all major languages of the world在十七世纪中期，英语从所

31、有世界的主要语言中吸收词汇。（4）Since the beginning of 20th century，more words are created by means of word-formation从本世纪初开始，更多的词通过构词法被创造出来English has evolved from a synthetic language(Old English) to the present analytic language.英语已经由合成语言（古代英语）进化为现代分析语言7. Growth of Present-day English Vocabulary three main sourc

32、es：总体来说，有三条新词的主要来源（1）the rapid development of modern science and technology （45 ）现代科学和技术的迅猛发展（2）social, economic and political changes（11 ）社会，经济和政治的变化（3）the influence of other cultures and languages（ 24 ）其它文化和语言的影响8.Modes of Vocabulary Development词汇发展的样式（1）Creations: Creation refers to the formation of new words by using the existing materials, namely roots, affixes and other elements. 创造是指新词的构成通过使用现有的材料，也就是说，词根，词缀和其他元素。（2）Semantic change means an old form which takes on a new meaning to meet the