自学英语系列一定要知道的语法.docx

1、自学英语系列一定要知道的语法一定要知道的语法形容词(一)：1. 形容词的位置：代名形容词数量形容词性状形容词名词再细分如下：1放在冠词前的形容词(all, both, such.)2冠词、指示形容词、所有形容词、不定形容词(the, a, an, this, that, your, some, any.)3序数(first, second.)4基数(one, two.)5性质、状态(kind, fine, good.)6大小、长短、形状(large, small, big.)7新旧、温度(old, new, hot.)8颜色(red, blue.)9国籍(Chinese, English, J

2、apanese.)10材料(iron, brick, stone.)11名词、动名词(boy, house.)2. some和any的用法：（1）两者修饰可数单数名词，表某一个；任何一个； 修饰可数复数名词和不可数名词，表一些；有些。2）一般的用法：some用于肯定句；any用于疑问句，否定句或条件句。I am looking for some matches.Do you have any matches? I do not have any matches.3）特殊的用法：(A) 在期望对方肯定的回答时，问句也用some。Will you lend me some money? (=Ple

3、ase lend me some money.)(B) any表任何或任何一个时，也可用于肯定句。Come any day you like.（4）some和any后没有名词时，当做代名词， 此外两者也可做副词。Some of them are my students.代名词） Is your mother any better?（副词）3. many和much的用法：1）many修饰复数可数名词，表许多； much修饰不可数名词，表量或程度。He has many friends, but few true ones.There hasnt been much good weather re

4、cently.（2）many a:many a和many同义，但语气比较强，并且要与单数名词及单数形动词连用。Many a prisoner has been set free. (=Many prisoners have been set free.)3as many和so many均等于the same number of。 前有as, like时, 只用so many。These are not all the books I have. These are as many more upstairs.They worked like so many ants.（4）as much等于t

5、he same amount of, 表同量和同一事情。He bought two pounds of sugar and as much tea. 同量）I was not in the least surprised, for I had fully expected as much. 同一事情）（5）many和much之后不接名词时，作为代名词；另外much也可用副词。Many of them were very tired.I dont eat much for lunch. 代名词）He is much taller than I. （副词4. (a) few和(a) little的

6、用法：(1) (a) few用在复数可数名词之前，(a) little用在不可数名词之前。He took a few biscuits. (=several)He took few biscuits(=not many)He took a little butter. (=some)He took little butter. (=not much)(2) few可由bardly any或almost no所取代，含否定的意味。The composition is well written; it has few (=hardly any) mistakes.Few (=Almost no)

7、men can solve it.(3) a few相当于some, several, 含肯定的意味。He has a few (=some or several) friends.(4) a little和little之间的差别，就和a few和few的差别一样，只是(a) little须修饰不可数名词，表量或程度。He grows worse; there is little hope of his recovery.He is not much better, but there is a little hope.5. 其他的数量形容词：(1) plenty of, a lot of,

8、lots of均表许多，修饰复数可数名词或不可数名词。The room contained plenty of (or a lot of or lots of) students.（复数名词）The room contained plenty of (or a lot of or lots of) furniture.（不可数名词）(2) a great (or a good) deal of, a large (or a small) quantity of, a large (or a small) amount of, 均表（量）， 修饰不可数名词。The room contained

9、a great deal of furniture. （不可数名词）The room contained a good deal of furniture. （不可数名词）The room contained a large quantity of furniture. （不可数名词）The room contained a large amount of furniture. （不可数名词）The room contained a small quantity of furniture. （不可数名词）The room contained a small amount of furnitur

10、e. （不可数名词）(3) a number of “许多；一些”；a great (large, good) number of “许多”，修饰复数可数名词，并且要与复数动词连用。A number of books are missing from the library.The number of books from the library is large.（the number of 复数名词单数动词）The room contained a great (or large or good) number of students.（复数可数名词）(4) enough的用法：(A) 可

11、接复数可数名词和不可数名词。There are enough chairs. （可数）There is enough furniture. （不可数）(B) 可放在年修饰名词的前后。We dont have enough time. =We dont have time enough.(5) hundreds of, dozens of, thousands of, scores of 复数可数名词冠词或数词(one, two.) (hundred, dozen, thousand, score) 复数可数名词(6) the rest of “其余的”， 可接复数可数名词及不可数名词，作主词时

12、，接可数名词则用复数动词，接不可数名词则用单数动词。The rest of the students are absent. （复数可数名词）The rest of the water was thrown away. 不可数名词）注：the rest作代名词， 等于 the others， 和复数动词连用。6. 不可名词量的表示语：(1) 不可数名词可加表单位的形容片语，表示数的观念。其公式为：数词单位词of不可数名词(2) 各类表单位的形容词片语。(A) 物质名词：a piece (suit) of armour;a piece (slice) of cake;a piece (an ar

13、ticle) of furniture;a piece of jewelry;a piece (sheet) of paper;a cake of soap;a piece (slice) of bacon;a piece (stick) of chalk;a bit (blade) of grass;a piece (strip) of land;a bit (grain) of rice;a bowl of soup;(B) 抽象名词a word of abuse;an item (a bit) of business;an attack of fever;a bit (an amount

14、) of interest;a fit of passion;a piece (word) of advice;a piece of evidence;a piece (an item) of information;a piece (an item) of news;(C) 自然现象：a flash of lightening; a bolt of thunder;7. 名词种类的表示语：kind of, sort of, type of,(1) 三者都可接可数名词及不可数名词，其后的冠词a (an)常被省略。What kind of (a) pencil did you buy?I don

15、t like that sort of game.(2) kind of, sort of, type of之前可加a, the, some, any, etc.I had a kind of suspicion that he was cheating.(3) 比较下列用法：（加*表非正式用法）I dont like this (*those) kind of person.I dont like many (or these) kinds of roses.I like this kind of flower.I like flowers of this kind.I like *thes

16、e kind of flowers.I like this kind of roses.I like roses of this kind. （置名词后更强调种类）I like roses of these kinds.（置名词后更强调种类）8. 数词：(1) 基数(Cardinal numerals)：one, two, three.(A) 除one接单数名词外，其余均接复数名词。He has one sister and three brothers.(B) hundred的后面须加and（但可以省略）。12,345 = twelve thousand three hundred (and

17、) forty five;(2) 序数(Ordinal mumerals)：first, second, third.(A) 序数前面必须附以定冠词。而a second, a third等，则是another的意思。(B) 日期多用序数。Its on Friday, the fifth of October (= October the fifth = October 15th).(C) 序数的简体。9th = the ninth; 12th = the twelfth; 16th = the sixteenth;(3) 分数：(A) 分数的表示法：第一，分子用基数，分母用序数。第二，分子大于

18、2时，分母须加“s”以形成复数。1/2 = a (one) half; 1/3 = a (one) third; 2/3 = two-thirds; 1/4 = a (one) quarter;(B) 分数可接与不可数名词；所接的名词是单数，则与单数动词连用，是复数则与复数动词连用。A third of the peach was bad.A third of the bananas were bad.(4) 倍数词：常用的有half, double, treble（三倍）等。(A) half a, a half, half the 名词，表（一半的）。He ran a half mile i

19、n half an hour.He ran half a mile in half an hour.I have read half the book.(B) half还可作名词，代名词及副词。Two halves make a whole. （名词）This is half as much again as that. （副词）(C) 倍数常用的表达法：(half; double; treble; twice; two times; three times; four times.) 定冠词或所有形容词名词或所有代名词I had to pay double (= twice) the usu

20、al fare.That window is three times the size of this.9. “数词名词”结合而成的形容词：(1) 数词名词形容词a five-dollar bill;two three-hour periods;the Three-power Conference(三强会议);(2) 数词名词形容词形容词a six-year-old boy;a three-hundred-year-old tree;注：上述的复合字是以hyphen(-)连结，而且其中的名词要用单数形式。(3) 名词（无冠词）基数the 序数名词World War = World War Tw

21、o or the Second World War;Vol. = Volume One or the First Volume;Page 4 = page four or the fourth page;Lesson 6 = lesson Six or the Sixth Lesson;Chap. = Chapter Three or the Third Chapter;Charles = Charles the First;cf. Napoleon the Great = the Great Napoleon;这几种用法，非专有名词，可不用大写，但等号两边须一致。(4) “数词复数名词”作主

22、词，虽为复数形，但强调单一性，则用单数动词。若强调一个一个的个别数，则用复数动词。Thirty minutes is sufficient for a good sermon.Fifty dollars a month is a large sum in our eyes, but is nothing to him.cf. Ten years have passed since I saw you last.10. 各种数字的读法：(1) 年号的读法：1979nineteen seventy-nine or nineteen hundred (and) seventy-nine;(2) 电话

23、号码；货币的读法：1023one o two three; 1227one double two (or two two) seven; $4.25four dollars (and) twenty-five (cents);(3) 小数点的读法：13.91thirteen decimal (point) nine one; 0.23 = nought demical two three;(4) 算术式的读法：2+3=5 Two plus three is (equals, is equal to) five.5-3=2 Five minus three is equal to two.32=

24、6 Three times two is six. or Three by two are six.93=3 Nine divided by three makes three.形容词（二：1. 限定用法：形容词紧靠着代）名词，直接修饰该代）名词。(1) 前位修饰：(A) 字尾为en或表比较的形容词，大多只能作限定用法，放在名词的前面。a wooden leg; earthen ware; his elder sister; the upper room, etc.(B) 下列这些形容词只有限定用法，没有叙述用法。upper; former; latter; outer; inner; utm

25、ost; mere; only; utter; main; certain; very; live; spare;(C) 形容词前有so; no; too; how等字时，不定冠词应放在形容词之后。He could not do it in so short a time.He is no less remarkable a man than his elder brother (is).(2) 后位修饰：(A) 名词之后的数词名词old; long; high; wide; deep; etc.a man eighty-five years old; a river two hundred

26、miles long;(B) 为加强语气或音调美，而将限定形容词放在后面。He had a face thin and worn, but eager and resolute.(C) something; anything; everyone; anybody. 形容词。Ill tell you something very important.Thats nothing new.D) 由形容词子句省略主词和动词而不的过去（或现在）分词或形容词片语。I have answered all the letters (which were) received (by me).Alfred was

27、 a king anxious for his peoples welfare.2. 叙述用法：形容词作补语，间接地修饰代）名词。He was awake all the night. 主词补语）The noise kept me awake. 受词补语）注：可作限定用法和叙述用法的形容词。I have many trustworthy friends. 和 All of my friends are trustworthy.It was a hot and sultry day. 和 The weather became hot and sultry.3. 作补语的形容词：(1) be形容词

28、介系词：由此结合而成的片语，有些等于及物动词。I am fond of skiing. = I like skiing.He is afraid of it. = He fears it.注：其他如：be capable of; be concerned with; be (un)familiar with (to); be late for; be subject to; be worthy of; etc.(2) 某些已转化为形容词的过去分词，其后通常接at; about; with; in; of等介词。John is interested in English grammar.He w

29、as surprised at her behaviour.(3) be形容词介系词：可接代）名词，动名词，或名词子句，但名词子句若是that子句须省略介词，因that子句不可直接作介词的受词。She was not aware of the facts.She was not aware (of) how much her husband earned.She was not aware that there is danger.(4) It+ be 形容词that子句It is true that she never came.此类形容词有：certain; likely; obvious

30、; plain; possible; true; etc.(A) that子句中的假设法。It is appropriate that he (should) get the post. （should可省略(B) 人称形容词亦可接其他连接词引导的子句。Im not sure why he came.Im not clear where she went.4. 有关worth; worth while; worthy的句型 如下:(A) 主词(含it) + be worth + (动)名词(B) It(虚主词) + be worth while + 不定词或动名词(C) 主词 + be wor

31、thy + of + (动)名词主词 + be worthy + 不定词his book is worth reading. (= It is worth while to read this book. = This book is worthy of reading. = This book is worthy to be read.)5. like和as: like只能作介词不能作连接词; as则两者都可。I hoped to succeed as you have (succeeded).I hoped to succeed like you.I hope to succeed *like you have. (like作连词是非正式的用法)冠词 (三)1. 不定冠词的用法:(1) a用在子音前; an用在母音前。An hour