德国留学APS审核英语专业复习资料语言类中英文对照版本.docx

1、德国留学APS审核英语专业复习资料语言类中英文对照版本语言类：英语笔译，英语口译，英语写作，高级英语，综合英语，英语视听说，基础英语，英语听力，英语口语，商务英语，商务英语阅读、商务沟通、商务英语写作，专业英语，英语国家概况英语笔译：IntroductiontoTranslationInthisunit,studentsareexpectedtolearnthedefinitionoftranslation;thescopeoftranslation;translationcriteria;literaltranslationandfreetranslation.WhatIsTranslati

2、on?Linguisticviewontranslation:Translationis“thereplacementoftextualmaterialinonelanguage(sourcelanguage)byequivalenttextualmaterialinanotherlanguage(targetlanguage).”(Catford,1965:20)Translatingconsistsinreproducinginthereceptorlanguagetheclosestnaturalequivalentofthesource-languagemessage,firstint

3、ermsofmeaningandsecondlyintermsofstyle.(Nida&Taber1969:12)所谓翻译，是指在译语中用最贴切而又自然的对等语再现原文的信息，首先在语义上，其次在文体上。(E.A奈达,1969)Communicativeviewsontranslation:Thisapproachviewstranslationasacommunicativeprocesswhichtakesplacewithinasocialcontext.Thetranslatorattemptstoproducethesameeffectonthetargetlanguageread

4、ersaswasproducedbytheoriginalonthesourcelanguagereaders.(Newmark,1982:22)翻译是一种跨文化的信息交流与交换的活动，其本质是传播。（吕俊，1997）【例】Shewasbornwithasilverspooninhermouth,andcandowhatshelikes.Sheisreallyaluckydog.她生长在富贵之家，凡事都可以随心所欲，真是个幸运儿。Everydoghasitsday.人人皆有得意日aluckydog幸运儿Loveme,lovemydog.爱屋及乌helpadogoverastilt助人度过难关a

5、sfaithfulasadog形容人的忠诚.ScopeofTranslation1.按语言分类：语内翻译（intralingualtranslation）语际翻译（interlingualtranslation）2.按活动形式分类：笔译（translation）口译（oralinterpretation）：交替传译（consecutivetranslation）和同声传译（simultaneoustranslation）3.按翻译材料的文体分类：应用文体翻译科技文体翻译论述文体翻译新闻文体翻译艺术文体翻译4. 按处理方式分类：全译节译编译.TranslationCriteria严复(1853-

6、1921):TriplePrincipleofTranslation信(faithfulness):忠实准确达(expressiveness):通顺流畅雅(elegance):文字古雅Byfaithfulness/accuracy,wemeanbeingfaithfulnotonlytotheoriginalcontents,totheoriginalmeaningandviews,butalsototheoriginalformandstyle.Bysmoothness,wemeannotonlyeasyandreadablerendering,butalsoidiomaticexpress

7、ioninthetargetlanguage.CriteriaintheWestAlexanderFraserTytler,(1747-1814)thefamousEnglishscholarproposedthethreeprinciplesoftranslation：（1）Atranslationshouldgiveacompletetranscriptoftheideasoftheoriginalwork.（译文应完全复写出原作的思想）（2）Thestyleandmannerofwritingshouldbeofthesamecharacterasthatoftheoriginal.(译

8、文的风格和笔调应与原文的性质相同)（3）Atranslationshouldhavealltheeaseoftheoriginalcomposition.(译文应和原作同样流畅).TranslationStrategies1. Literaltranslationorfreetranslation?Inthepracticeoftranslation,wemayfindthatnowandthensomewordsintheirusualsensesareverydifficulttodealwithbecauseofthedisparitybetweentheEnglishandtheChi

9、neselanguages.Inthiscase,wehavetoresorttosomespecialmeansoftranslation.Literaltranslationandfreetranslationaretwoalternativeapproachestotacklethisproblem.1）直译：在基本保持原文的语言形式（词语、句子结构、修辞手法等）的同时，完整而准确地把意思表达出来，且译文流利晓畅。直译是不同于硬译、死译的重要翻译方法之一。2）意译：为了完整而准确地把意思表达出来，抛弃原文的语言形式，按译入语的习惯重新遣词造句。意译是不同于乱译的重要翻译方法之一。无论直译

10、、意译，都要符合“忠实、通顺”的标准（许渊冲1984:5）。当译文的形式和原文的形式一致的时候，就无所谓直译、意译。e.g.Disasternevercomesingle.“祸不单行”，内容和形式都忠实于原文，既可以说是直译也可以说是意译。当译文的形式和原文的形式不一致的时候，就有直译或意译的问题，而且直译可以有程度不同的直译，意译也可以有程度不同的意译。e.g.HehadaboutasmuchchanceofgettingajobasofbeingchosenmayorofChicago.进入21世纪，麦当劳的反对团体由集合到一面共同的旗帜之下反对全球化。Upontheenteringof2

11、1century,theanti-Macdonaldsgroupshaveagainralliedunderacommonbannerofanti-globalization.（采用直译、生动形象，且意思完全可以为英语读者接受）2.ForeignizingTranslation(异化翻译)andDomesticatingTranslation(归化翻译)Whileliteraltranslationandfreetransaltionmainlydealwithlinguisticreproduction,foreignizingtranslationanddomesticatingtrans

12、lationareconcernedmorewithcultural,linguisticandaestheticconsiderations.Foreignizationisastrategyinwhichatargettextisproducedwhichdeliberatelybreakstargetconventionsbyretainingsomethingoftheforeignnessoftheoriginal.异化译法是偏离民族主义的，对译入语文化价值施加压力，使其关注外语文本的语言和文化差异，把读者带入外国情景，体验外国人的阅读感受（Venuti1995:20）。换言之，异化

13、译法要求译者向原文作者靠拢，采取原文作者使用的表达方式传达原文的内容。e.g.tokilltwobirdswithonestone:一石二鸟AllroadsleadtoRome:条条大路通罗马Domesticationisastrategyinwhichatransparent,fluentstyleisadoptedinordertominimizethestrangenessoftheforeigntextfortargetlanguagereaders.归化译法采取民族中心主义的态度，使外语文本符合译入语的文化价值观，把原作者带入译入语文化。(Venuti1995:20)换言之，归化译法

14、要求译者向译文读者靠拢，采取译文读者习惯的译语表达方式传达原文的内容。e.g.tokilltwobirdswithonestone:一箭双雕、一举两得togrowlikemushrooms:雨后春笋AllroadsleadtoRome:殊途同归英语口译：InterpretingACoursetoDevelopAnUnderstandingandBasicSkillsofInterpretingAfterstudyingthisunit,youshouldbeableto:understandwhatandhowtopreparefortheinterpretingtasksinthelongr

15、un.findwaystoimproveyourinterpretingskillsandperformance.masterthebasicwordsandexpressionsaboutprotocolroutine.knowsomeculturalbackgroundknowledgeaboutprotocolroutine.I.CourseIntroductionDuration:2termsModules:-Preparing(译前准备)training-Long-termandshort-term-Decoding(听入解码)training-Activelistening-Dis

16、courseanalysis-Notetaking-Memorizing(短期记忆)training-Retelling-Encoding(编码输出)training-Coordinating(任务协调)training-Sightinterpreting-Shadowing-Packaging(译后总结)training-Qualityassessment1.InterpretingdefinedAcommunicativeactivityMultipleparticipants:speaker,audience,interpreterMultipletasking:listening,an

17、alyzing,note-taking,understanding,restructuring,productionConveyanceofmessagesfromthesourcelanguagetothetargetlanguage2.1CriteriaAccuracyvs.fidelityFluencyvs.fluencyEfficiencyvs.elegance2.2Workingenvironment2.3Method2.4Feedback3. ClassificationofinterpretingBydeliverymodel:consecutiveinterpreting，si

18、multaneousinterpretingWhispering，relayinterpretingByoccasionandcontent:Conferenceinterpreting,businessinterpreting,courtinterpreting,mediainterpreting,communityinterpreting,telephoneinterpretingSimultaneousinterpretingInterpretwhilethespeakerismakingspeechSpecialfacilityrequired,including:floor,boot

19、h,SIequipment(control,interpretingconsole,receiver)Threetypes:Conferenceinterpreting,sightinterpreting,whisperingnofacilityrequiredforwhispering)4. InterpretingProcess5. BasicRequirementsforInterpreters-Strongsenseofduty-Highleveloflinguisticproficiency-Encyclopedicandsubjectknowledge-Goodmasterofin

20、terpretingskillsActivelisteningDiscourseanalysisNotetakingRetellingPublicspeakingParaphrasingFiguresinterpretingIdiomsinterpretingFuzzyinterpretationCross-culturalcommunicationCopingtactics6.3PModelforInterpreterTraining7. ProfessionalCodesofConduct1) confidentiality（保密）2) impartiality（公正）3) accurac

21、y（准确）4) objectiveness（客观）5) competence（胜任）商务英语，商务英语阅读、商务沟通、专业英语商务英语-BECadvantage根据商务工作的实际需要，从听、说、读、写四个方面对学生在商务和一般生活环境下使用英语的能力进行培养，达到BEC初级考试要求水平makestudentstogetfamiliarwiththeBECVantageAccordingtotheactualneedsofcommercialwork,listening,speaking,readingandwritingfouraspectsofstudentsabilitytouseEngl

22、ishinbusinessandgenerallivingenvironmentandculturedreachBECjuniorlevelexamrequirements.HowtostudyBECVantage1.businesswordsandphrases2.readmorebusinessbackground3.listeningmoreBEC4.accumulativemorebusinesstopic5.oftengoonlinewithgoodwebsitescompanybenefits,A.animpressivejobtitle?B.trainingandstaffdev

23、elopment?C.agoodsalary?D.apension?E.flexibleworkinghours?F.opportunitiestotravel?G.opportunitiesforpromotion?H.parentalleave?I.daysoffandlongholidays?J.acompanycar.advertising-Typesofadvertising?1.wordofmouth?2.mailshot邮寄广告?3.TVcommercials?4.spam垃圾电子邮件?5.banners/streamer横幅?6.newspaperadverts?7.broch

24、ures?8.sample;recruitment商务英语阅读-本课程的教学目的是培养学生掌握阅读和理解商务英语文章的基本技能，获取商务信息的基本能力，为毕业后成为适应社会需要的应用型涉外商务工作者打下坚实的基础。通过学习有关的商务活动的实用语言材料，学生应熟悉主要的商务英语文章类型；高阅读商务文章的能力，懂得一般的商务表达，学会分析商务文章的特点，并懂得一些国际经济文章中常用词汇，了解国际经济的知识；能基本读懂英文原版商务教科书有关章节的大意，能基本读懂主要英语报刊，杂志有关的商务活动的难度较低的报道和评论文章；能将一般性英语商务材料译成汉语，进一步提高专业基本的听、说、读、写、译的技能。P

25、urposeofthiscourseistotrainstudentstomasterreadingandunderstandingthebasicskillsofbusinessEnglisharticles,theabilitytoacquirebasicbusinessinformation,aftergraduationtobecometomeetthesocialneedsofapplication-orientedforeignbusinessworkers,andlayasolidfoundation.Bylearningaboutthebusinessactivitiesofp

26、racticallanguagematerial,studentsshouldbefamiliarwiththemaintypesofbusinessEnglishtexts;tounderstandtheexpressionofgeneralbusiness,learntoanalyzethecharacteristicsofabusinessarticle,andunderstandsomeofthearticlesintheinternationaleconomicvocabulary,understandtheinternationalknowledgeeconomy;canbasic

27、allyreadtheoriginalEnglishversionoftherelevantsectionsofthebusinesstextbook.CanbasicallyreadmajorEnglishnewspapersandmagazinesrelatedtothebusinessactivitiesofreportsandarticles;capableoftranslatinggeneralbusinessmaterialsEnglishintoChinese,furtherenhancetheprofessionalbasiclistening,speaking,reading

28、,writingandtranslationskills.1、 美国生活方式2、商务习俗3、购物与顾客4、领导风范5、生活态度6、网络商务7、银行与信贷8、礼仪9、商务职业生涯10、产品与促销11、名人12、美容产业1Americanwayoflife,2businesspractices3,shoppingandcustomer4,leadershipstyle,5,attitudes6,E-commerce,7,bankingandcredit8,etiquette,9businesscareer10,promotionalproducts,11celebrity12,beautyindu

29、stry商务沟通-BusinessCommunicationTheImportanceofCommunication Communicationskillscanhelpyouacquireafirstjoborabetterjob. Onthejob,poorcommunicationskillscanbeharmful. Havinggoodcommunicationskillscangiveyouanedgeoverotherjobcandidates.3.TheProcessofCommunication SenderandSource（发出者和信息源）Participantsinth

30、ecommunicationprocesswhocommunicatemessagestoanaudiencearecalledsenders. Message（信息）Amessageisthewritten,oral,ornonverbalcommunicationthatsendertransmitstoanaudience.信息一般通过符号表示。这些符号代表一定的意义，并可分为语言符号和非语言符号两大类。语言符号是代表特定事物或观点的字、词、句。除语言符号之外，非语言符号也是重要的交流方式，比如，身体语言，包括面部表情、手势、姿势、声调、外表等等。不同文化中，非语言符号涵义有所不同。比如

31、，不直视某人在某些文化中表示对他人的尊重，而在另外一些文化中，则表示不诚实、企图隐瞒事实。 Encoding（编码）Theactivityofthesenderchoosingcertainwordsornonverbalmethodstosendanintentionalmessageiscalledencoding.（编码指发出者输出信息前，选择语言和非语言信息的过程，亦即制造符号(creatingsymbol)的内心活动，这一过程可长可短。） Channel（渠道）Everymessageistransmittedthroughachannelthemediumthroughwhicht

32、hemessagesenderandthemessagereceivercommunicate.Table1-1:ThreeTypicalCommunicationChannelsTwo-way,face-to-faceInformalconversations,interviews,oralreports,speeches,andteleconferencesTwo-way,not-face-to-faceTelephoneconversationsandintercompanyannouncementsOne-way,not-face-to-faceWrittendocumentssuchasletters,memos,reports,andpressrelea