初中英语语法大全8 形容词和副词.docx

1、初中英语语法大全8 形容词和副词初中英语语法大全：形容词和副词A:形容词1、 形容词及其用法 形容词修饰名词，说明事物或人的性质或特征。通常， 可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类，其位置不一定都放在名词前面。1)直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词，它有级的变化，可以用程度副词修饰，在句中可作定语、表语和补语。例如：hot 热的。2)叙述形容词只能作表语，所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化，也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。例如：afraid 害怕的。（错）He is an ill man.（对）The man is ill.（错）She is

2、an afraid girl.（对）The girl is afraid.这类词还有： well，unwell，ill，faint，afraid，alike，alive，alone，asleep，awake 等。3）形容词作定语修饰名词时，要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的词语时，要放在这些词之后，例如： something nice2. 以-ly结尾的形容词1） 大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但 friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively，ugly，brotherly，仍为形容词。改错：(错） She sang lovel

3、y. （错） He spoke to me very friendly. （对） Her singing was lovely. （对） He spoke to me in a very friendly way.2）有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词，也为副词。 daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，early The Times is a daily paper. The Times is published daily.3 用形容词表示类别和整体1） 某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人，与谓语动词的复数连接。如：the dead，the living，the rich，the

4、 poor，the blind，the hungry The poor are losing hope.2） 有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体，与动词的复数连用。 the British，the English，the French，the Chinese. The English have wonderful sense of humor.4 多个形容词修饰名词的顺序多个形容词修饰名词时，其顺序为： 限定词-数词-描绘词-(大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色) -出处-材料性质，类别-名词 a small round table a tall gray building a dir

5、ty old brown shirt a famous German medical school an expensive Japanese sports car典型例题:1） Tony is going camping with _ boys. A.little two otherB. two little otherC.two other little D.little other two 答案：C。由限定词-数词-描绘词-(大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色) -性质-名词的公式可知数词，描绘词，性质依次顺序，只有C符合答案。2)One day they crossed the _bridg

6、e behind the palace.A. old Chinese stone B. Chinese old stoneC. old stone ChineseD. Chinese stone old答案A. 几个形容词修饰一个名词，他们的排列顺序是：年龄，形状，大小+颜色+来源+质地+用途+国家+名词。3) - How was your recent visit to Qingdao?- It was great. We visited some friends，and spent the _days at the seaside.A. few last sunny B. last few

7、 sunny C. last sunny few D. few sunny last答案：B。本题考查多个形容词的排序问题。一般与被修饰形容词关系密切的形容词靠近名词；如果几个形容词的重要性差不多，音节少的形容词在前，音节多的方在后，在不能确定时，可参照下表：限定词+数量词（序数词在前，基数词在后）+性状形容词+大小、长短、高低等形体+those + three + beautiful + large + square新旧+颜色+国籍+材料+名词old + brown + wood + table5下列几类形容词也没有比较等级：(1)表示“终极”意义或绝对概念的形容词或副词。如：absolut

8、e(ly), blind, dead, excellent, entire, living, full, perfect(ly), round, relative, wrong等。(2)表示时间、方位或方向的形容词或副词。如：back, backward, forward, front, past, monthly, weekly, present, southern, vertical等。(3)部分表示事物性质、物质材料或结构成分的形容词。如：atomic, cultural, economic, educational, golden, political, scientific, sil

9、ken, urban, wooden等。(4)本身具有“最”或“唯一”概念的形容词。如：maximal, mere, minimal, matchless, sole, only unique等。6形容词作定语时的后置a.前面我们讲到形容词作定语时，位置要放在所修饰的名词前面，但当它带有表示量度的词或词组时，定语后置。They have built a bridge a hundred meters long.他们建成了一座一百米长的桥。Last year we built a building thirteen storeys high.去年，我们盖了一栋十三层的高楼。b.带有表示量度的词或

10、词组，作表语时，也后置。The bridge is a hundred meters long.这座桥长达一百米。The building is thirteen storeys high.这个大楼有十三层高。They have built a two-hundred-meter-long bridge.他们已经修建了一座长二百米的桥。注意量度词组变成合成语时，作定语用，放在名词前。Last year we built a thirteen-storey-high building.去年我们建了一座高十三层的大楼。c.另外，一些形容词或形容词词组常用来放在句首、句中或句尾，作状语。He ret

11、urned home, tired and hungry.他又累又饿地回到了家。Cold and hungry, he walked in the street.又冷又饿，他走在街道上。B: 副词及其基本用法1 副词的种类、用法和位置副词在句子中修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。用来表示时间、场所、状态及程度。1 副词的种类1.副词的种类（1）时间副词表示大体时间：now,then,yesterday,today, tonight,before,justnow,recently,so far表示频率：always,usually,often,sometimes.seldom,never其它作用

12、：already,yet,late,early,soon,at once,immediately,atfirst,at last,finally（2）地点副词表地点：here,there,home,abroad,upstairs,downstairs,anywhere,everywhere,nowhere,somewhere.表位置关系（后接宾语时，用作介词）：above,below,round,around,down,up,in,out,inside,outside,across,back,along,over,away,near,off,past（3）方式副词表示谓语动词怎样地，（此类副词

13、大部分由形容词加ly构成）：badly,bravely,gratefully,calmly,carefully,carelessly,nervously,proudly,patiently,politely,sadly,properly,rapidly,wrongly,suddenly.（4）程度副词 多数用来修饰形容词或副词：much,（a）little,a bit,very,sO,too,enough,quite,rather,completely,terribly,deeply,nearly,almost,hardly（5）疑问副词 构成特殊疑问句：how,when, where,why

14、（6）连接副词 连接主语、宾语或表语从句：how,when,where,why（7）关系副词 引导定语从句：when,where,why（8）其它性质的副词对整个句子进行说明，一般用逗号与主句隔开：frankly（坦率地说,说真的），generally（一般说来），luckily（幸运地是），first of all（首先）等。1.地点副词、时间副词和方式副词一般放在句末注意地点副词作定语时要后置，不属于这种情况。有时少数地点副词和时间副词可以作定语，放在所修饰词的后边。The students here are all from China.Ill wait for you here.（地点

15、副词）我将在这儿等你。Ill meet him at the station tomorrow.（时间副词）明天我将去车站接他。Tomorrow Ill meet him at the station.注意有时为了强调时间，也可把时间副词放在句首。The boy wrote the homework quickly.（方式副词）这个男孩子写作业很快。They did their experiments carefully in the labyesterday.方式 地点时间昨天他们在实验室认真地做实验。The students all worked well here last week这些

16、学生上周在这里都做得很好。2.频度副词在句中位置有以下两种a.在be动词、情态动词及第一个助动词之后。She is always kind to us（be动词）她对我们总是很好。I can never forget the day.（情态动词）我永远也不能忘掉这一天。The work has never been done.助动词 助动词（频度副词never放在第一个助动词has的后面）这件工作永远也做不完。b.在实义动词之前He often goes to school early.(实义动词）他常常早到校。3.程度副词有下列二种情况a.修饰动词时,它在句中的位置与频度副词的情况相似。He

17、 is almost forty years old.（在be动词之后）他快四十岁了。注意如果句末同时有几个副词，它的基本顺序是：方式副词+地点副词+时间副词。He can hardly understand you.（在情态动词之后）他几乎听不懂你的活。I like the boy.（在实义动词之前）我相当喜欢这个男孩子。b.修饰形容词、副词时，放在它所修饰的词的前面。He studies much harder now.现在他学习努力多了。The room is big enough to hold fifty persons.（enough修饰形容词）这个房间够大的可以容纳50人。He

18、runs fast enough.（enough修饰副词）他跑得够快的。 注意：副词very 可以修饰形容词，但不能修饰动词。 改错：(错)I very like English. (对)I like English very much.注意：副词enough要放在形容词的后面，形容词enough放在名词前后都可。 I dont know him well enough. There is enough food for everyone to eat. There is food enough for everyone to eat.6 兼有两种形式的副词1) close与closelycl

19、ose意思是近； closely 意思是仔细地 He is sitting close to me. Watch him closely.2)late 与lately late意思是晚； lately 意思是最近 You have come too late. What have you been doing lately?3)deep与deeply deep意思是深，表示空间深度；deeply时常表示感情上的深度，深深地 He pushed the stick deep into the mud. Even father was deeply moved by the film.4)high

20、与highly high表示空间高度；highly表示程度，相当于much The plane was flying high. I think highly of your opinion.5)wide与widely wide表示空间宽度；widely意思是广泛地，在许多地方 He opened the door wide. English is widely used in the world.6)free与freelyfree的意思是免费；freely 的意思是无限制地 You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like. You ma

21、y speak freely; say what you like. 7某些副词在用法上的区别(1) already, yet, stillalready表示某事物已经发生，主要用于肯定句;yet表示期待某事发生，主要用于否定句和疑问句;still表示某事还在进行，主要用于肯定句和疑问句，有时也可用于否定句。如：Weve already watched that film.I havent finished my homework yet.He still works until late every night.(2) too, as well, also, eithertoo, as we

22、ll和 also用于肯定句和疑问句，too和as well多用于口语，一般放在句末，而also多用于书面语，一般放在句中与动词连用。either用于否定句和否定的疑问句，往往放在句末。如：He went there too.He didnt go there either.I like you as well.I also went there.8 形容词与副词的比较级 规则变化 变化规则 example1.一般在词尾直接加-er或-est Tall-taller-tallest, long-longer-longest2.以不发音的字母e 结尾的单词在词尾直接加-r 或- st Nice-n

23、icer-nicest, large-larger-largest3.以辅音字母+ 结尾的词，把 y变为i ，再加er 或 est Heavy-heavier-heaviestHappy-happier-happiest4.重读闭音节，末尾只有一个辅音字母，双写这个辅音字母，再加er 或 est Big-bigger-biggestFat-fatter-fattest5.部分双音节词和多音节词分别在原级前加more 构成比较级和most 构成最高级 Slowly-more slowly-most slowlyBeautiful-more beautiful-most beautiful 不规则

24、变化 原级 比较级 最高级Good/well better bestBad/ill/badly worse WorstMany/much more mostlittle less leastfar Farther/further Farther/furtherold Older/elder Oldest/eldest其用法与形容词相似，只是副词最高级前可省略定冠词。如：Of all the boys he sings (the) most beautifully.We must work harder.9. as + 形容词或副词原级 + as1）在否定句或疑问句中可用so as。He can

25、not run so/as fast as you.2）当as as 中间有名词时采用以下格式。 as +形容词+ a +单数名词 as + many/much +名词 This is as good an example as the other is. I can carry as much paper as you can.3）用表示倍数的词或其他程度副词做修饰语时，放在as的前面。This room is twice as big as that one.Your room is the same size as mine. 4) 倍数+ as + adj. + as 倍数+ than

26、 + ofThis bridge is three times as long as that one.This bridge is three times the length of that one.Your room is twice as large as mine.Your room is twice the size of mine.10. 比较级形容词或副词 + thanYou are taller than I.They lights in your room are as bright as those in mine.注意： 1）要避免重复使用比较级。 (错) He is

27、more cleverer than his brother. (对) He is more clever than his brother. (对) He is clever than his brother.2）要避免将主语含在比较对象中。 (错) China is larger that any country in Asia. (对) China is larger than any other countries in Asia.3）要注意对应句型，遵循前后一致的原则。 The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing

28、. It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out.4）要注意冠词的使用，后有名词的时候，前面才有可能有名词。 比较：Which is large, Canada or Australia? Which is the larger country, Canada or Australia? She is taller than her two sisters. She is the taller of the two sisters.11可修饰比较级的词1）a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far,

29、many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even等2）还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语。3）以上词(除by far)外，必须置于比较级形容词或副词的前面。 典型例题: 1）- Are you feeling _? - Yes，Im fine now.A. any wellB. any betterC. quite good D. quite better答案：B. any 可修饰比较级，quite修饰原级，well的比较级为better. 2）The experiment was_ easier than we had expected.

30、 A.more B.much more C.much D.more much答案：C.much可修饰比较级，因此B，C都说得通，但easier本身已是比较级，不需more，因此C为正确答案。3）If there were no examinations, we should have _ at school.A. the happiest timeB. a more happier timeC. much happiest time D.a much happier time答案：D。12 many,old 和 far1) 如果后接名词时， much more +不可数名词many more +可数名词复数2) old 有两种比较级