中国太阳能热水器行业的现状和相关的国家标准金太阳计划的认证和测试外文翻译.docx

1、中国太阳能热水器行业的现状和相关的国家标准金太阳计划的认证和测试外文翻译本科毕业论文外文翻译外文题目： Situation of Chinas solar water heater industry，related national Standards，testing and the Golden Sun certification program 出 处： 重庆大学学报（英文版） 作 者： YAN Jun ，HDruck，HMullerSteinhagen 原 文：Abstract：China is the largest solar water heater producer and ma

2、rket in the worldDespite the fast growth and an installed capacity that accounts for the majority of the global gross，Chinas per capita solar hot water capacity is still very low，implying a huge margin of market potential；and the recognition of the industry in the global market is handicapped by the

3、 scattered scale of production and inconsistent product qualityTo ensure continued growth of Chinas solar water heating(SWH)industry，Chinese Government has established a series of national SWH standardsthree national testing centersand a certification program to lay the foundation for the developmen

4、t of the Golden Sun product labeling systemChina General Certification Center(CGC) developed the Golden Sun product certification and labeling system on a pass/fail basis evaluating with established criteriaThe system was designed to help manufacturers acclimate to explicit consistent requirements a

5、nd to identify and fix the deficiencies in the design and execution of the program itselfTimely revision and integration of the national standards arc recommended to accommodate the test procedures and requirements to new technologies and the evolving SWH marketStrict implementation of the Golden Su

6、n certification and labeling system arc suggested to avail improving the quality control and forging internationally reputable brands of Chinese solar water heating productsKeywords：solar water heaters；solar heating；renewable energy resources；national standards；Golden Sun certification program1、 Int

7、roductionSolar water heating(SWH)is a cost-effective，pollutionflee technique for heating waterWith increasing interest in using green energy，solar thermal systemsclaim more attentionIn 2006rooftop solar heat collectors provided hot water to nearly 50 million households worldwideExisting solar hot wa

8、terheating capacity increased bv19to reach 105 gigawatts-thermal(GWth)globallyIn 2005，the total area of solar collectors over the world was 125 km2, with an increase of 14from the year 2004The corresponding global solar thermal capacity was 88 GWth.China has both the worlds largest production and ma

9、rket for solar water heaters，with an annual production of 20 km2 in 2006and 97km2cumulative installed capacity of flat plate and a11-Glass vacuum tube collectors at the end of the year production was almost 25 times higher than that in 200l(8.2 km2)The production in 2005(over 10 GWth) was more than

10、five times higher than Europes(1ess man 2 GWth)Up to April 2007，there were over 3 000 companies that manufactured and distributed solar water heating products in China with all annual output value of 30 billion yuan(RMB)in an industry that employed more than 600 000 people2 、Solar water heating mark

11、et in China2.1 DevelopmentThe development of Chinas SWH industry Started in the 1980sand the market was initially focused on low-income families in the countryside or in small towns providing low cost hot water for domestic use in places where electricity or fuels were deficient or unavailableThe ma

12、in types of ChinaS solar collectors are the-flatplatethe vacuum-tube and the combinedstorageThe vacuum-tube type is the most popular，overtaking the dominant place of the flatplate type that took up about 70of the market in 1996 and is used mainly in frost free areas in the south The market for vacuu

13、m-tube collectors grew very quickly from the year 1999 and it soon took the lead with all 85share in 2002The main SWH application is providing domestic hot waterabout 90for single households and 10 for schools，hotels，restaurants and industrySola thermal for domestic water heating is concomitant with

14、 natural gas and electricity in cities，and coal and traditional biomass in rural areasDespite its cost advantage，SWH takes up an urban market share far smaller than natural gas boilers and electric water heatersA large market margin awaits exploiting2.2 Current status and problemsDespite the globall

15、y leading gross capacity，Chinas installed SWH capacity per capita is very smallCountries having a larger per capita installed SWH capacity than China include Cyprus，Israel，Greece，Austria，etcIn 2005，China had a market penetration of 6 910 m2 per 100 000 populationMore than 10 times smaller than Cypru

16、s implying a huge market potentialIf 25of the households in China use solar water heatersthe industry is estimated to have a potential market of 270 km2 Given this potential and basedon scenarios for continued aggressive expansion of the SWH marketthe National Development and Reform Commission(NDRC)

17、has established targets for cumulative installed solar water heating capacities of 150 km2 by 2010 and 300 km2 by 2020To achieve these targets，the continued strong growth of the market in China must address several issues Firstly1ess than a hundred out of over 3 000 solar-water-heater manufacturers

18、in China are considered competitiveIn 200561 companies produced 90 of the SWH systems made in China, all of the glass vacuum tube typeThe rest were flat-plate systems，mostly of the thermo siphon typeSecondly，many manufacturers and distributors in China have inconsistent quality control for their SWH

19、 productsPoor quality products have negative impact on customers in domestic and foreign marketsThe European market is doubtful about the quality，0f Chinese solar water heaters because of inferior glass and poor design at a disadvantage compared to the products of the leading Europe Schott manufactu

20、rers Schott and TermomaxConsequently，in China there has been a renewed emphasis on the development of new standards for SWH systems and establishment of a national testing and certification system for SWH productsThe United Nations Development Program(UNDP)and the Global Environment Facility(GEF)hav

21、e cooperated with NDRC to support the national solar water heating standards，testing，and certification program in China for industrial productsThere is also an emerging interest in developing building integrated solar technologies，demonstration projects，and building codes to guide the application of

22、 solar technologiesThe Ministry of Construction mandates the implementation of the Renewable Energy Law，issued in February 2005to encourage building integration of SWH systems and development of related standards and building codes3 、Solar water heating standards, testing，and certification program3.

23、1 solar water heating standardsDuring the years from 2001 t0 2003four national standards for the SWH industry were issued：GB/T l 8708-2002 Test Methods for Thermal Performance of Domestic Solar Water Heating Systems，GB/T18713-2002 solar Water Heating Systems-Design, installation and Engineering Acce

24、ptance，GB/T19141-2003 Specifications for Solar Water Heating Systems，and GB/T l 8974-2003 Indoor Test Methods for the Thermal Performance of Solar CollectorsThese standards borrowed heavily from International Organization for Standardization (IS0) and European National (EN) standards in establishing

25、 the specifications and procedures forproduct tests of SWH systems，component performance tests of flat plate and vacuum tube systems，and acceptance tests of reliabilityBy the end of 200620 standards related to solar water heaters had been developed，including 16 national standards and 4 trade standar

26、dsThese standards completed the overall framework for testing mat could serve as the basis for product certificationIn additionthe revision of four national standards associated with solar water heaters has been in process since April 2006They are GB/T 6424-1997 Specification for Flat Plate Solar Co

27、llectors,GB/T 4271-2000 Test Methods for the Thermal Performance of Flat Plate solar Collectors，GB/T17581-1998 Vacuum Tuber solar Collector，and GB/T 1 8974-2003 Indoor Test Methods For The Thermal Performance of Solar CollectorThe four standards will be integrated into a single new one composed of t

28、hree parts：1)testing methods for the thermal performance of solar collectors 2) specifications for flat plate solar collectors。and 3) specifications for vacuum tube solar collectorsThe revised national standards are expected to have a major influence on the solar energy use in the coming years3.2 Na

29、tional solar water heating testing centersChinese Government set up three national solar water heating test centers in 2002They are Yunnan Provincial Quality Supervision and Testing Center for Solar Energy ProductsLocated at Yunnan Normal University in Kunmingsouth China；Hubei Provincial and Nationa

30、l Solar Water Heater Supervision and Inspection Center of Product Quality in Wuhan，central China；and National Center for Quality Supervision and Testing of Solar Water Heating Systems in Beijing，north ChinaThe centers are to provide both system testing and component testing services based on the nat

31、ional standard framework and a national certification program that uses the test results to verify the quality of SWH products for the national labeling program The three centers operate as a team with standard testing capabilitiesTheir testing capabilities include the following 1) Testing the syste

32、m thermal performance by using a multiple system test bed with 8 test stations and with room for future expansion for single-day and multiple-day tests of system thermal performance and heat loss coefficient of storage tanksTests are mostly by the single-day procedure；and if necessary，multipleday tests can be done in any of the three centers2）Testing the solar collector thermal performance by using a two-axis tracking test bed to determine the steady state efficiency。effective thermal capacity，time constant，incide