六级阅读训练110.docx

1、六级阅读训练110Sinceitsfoundationin1954,theUnitedNationshaswrittenintoitsmajorcovenants(契约)theneedtoestablishminimumagesformarriage.Butthecustomofmarriageisahighlysensitiveculturalissue,mainlybecauseitissounpleasantlyinvolvedwithwomensrightsandsocietaltraditionsandpractices,andrulesonmarriagevarywidelybet

2、weencountries.Somecountries,particularlyinWestAfrica,stilldonothavealegalminimumageformarriage.IntheWest,a13-year-oldisstillconsideredachild.Evengettingmarriedinoneslateteensisnotusuallyencouragedbecausemarriedlifeislikelytointerferewithayoungwomanseducationandconsequentlyrestrictopportunitiesinlate

3、rlife.Andtherearealsophysicaldangersingivingbirthsoyoung.TheWorldHealthOrganizationhasoverthepasttenyearsidentifiedearlychildbirthasamajorcauseoffemalemortalityinmanycountries.UnderIslamicreligiouslaw,theageofconsentforsexandmarriageispuberty,whichMuslimssayisinharmonywiththebiologicaltransitionfrom

4、childhoodintoadulthood.InMuslimcountriessuchasSaudiArabia,IranandPakistan,theageofpubertyataround13or14isthelegalageformarriage,butinTurkeyitis15,andinEgyptandTunisia, 18thesameminimumageasinmanyWesterncountries.Itisarguedthatbyallowingearliermarriages,Islamiclawispromotingstablerelationships,whileW

5、esternlawsareencouragingpromiscuityamongyoungpeople.Inmanycountries,thetrendsofurbanizationandeducationforgirlshaveseenadropinthenumberofchildbrides.However,earlymarriagescontinuetooccurinpoorruralareas,wheresocietyworksverymuchonpersonalarrangementbetweenfamilies,villagesandcommunities.Anditdoesnto

6、nlyhappenincountrieswhichdonthavealegalminimumage.InIndia,forexample,thelegalageofmarriageforagirlis18andtoaboy, 21.Yet,accordingtogovernmentstatistics, 18percentoftentofourteen-yearoldgirlsinthepoor,ruralstateofRajasthaninthenorthwestofthecountryaremarried.Thereareobvioussocialandeconomicaladvantag

7、esfordoingthis:bymarryingofftheirdaughtersearly,familiesnolongerhavetoprovideforthem;andtheyoungerthebridethesmallerthedowry(嫁妆),orweddingprice,demandedbythegroomsfamily.Itisclear,then,thatchildmarriagesareconnectedwithpoverty,lackofeducationandruralcustomssuchasdowries;theredonttendtobeanychildmarr

8、iagesinurbanorrichareas.So,unlesstheserealcausesareaddressed,itwillbeextremelyhardtoenforcechange,evenwhenchangeisdictatedbyacountrysgoverningbody. (451words)1.Whatisthetopicofthispassage?A.Childbrides.B.Earlymarriages.C.Minimumageformarriage.D.Differentattitudestowardsearlymarriages.2.Theword“promi

9、scuity”(Line9,Para. 3) means_.A.unstablepartnershipB.firmpartnershipC.diverserelationshipD.singlerelationship3. _islikelytomarrylate.A.WomenfromlesseducatedbackgroundB.WomenfromruralareasC.WomenfromIslamiccountriesD.Womenfromcities4.ChildmarriagesareNOTrelatedto_accordingtothepassage.A.socialpositio

10、nB.ruralcustomsC.personalarrangementsD.religion5.Accordingtothepassage,gettingmarriedearlydoesallofthefollowingEXCEPT_.A.reducingayoungwomanseducationB.limitingayoungwomanschancesC.causinginfantdeathD.doingharmtoayoungwomanshealth答案：BCDACAsyouallknow,theUnitedStatesisacountryonwheels.Nearlyeightmill

11、ionnewcarsaremadeeachyear;fourhouseholdsoutoffiveownatleastonecar,andmorethanaquarterhavetwoeach.Yetyoullbesurprisedtolearnthatsomeofthecar-ownersevensufferfrommalnutrition（营养不良）.In1968,anation-widesurveyofmalnutritionwasmadeforthefirsttime.Itfoundthat10millionpeoplearesufferinginhealththroughinadeq

12、uatefeeding;thecausesoftheirplight（困境）werevaried.Unemploymentoveralongperiodshouldbeconsideredasthemainfactor.Andunemployment,strangetosay,ninetimesoutoftenresultsfromautomation,bothinindustrialandagriculturalareas.Forexample,intheruralSouthwhenacottonplantationsuddenlycutsitsforcefrom100peopletothr

13、ee,theproblemtohelpthedisplacedarises.Soisthecasewithindustrialautomation.Infact,probably2millionjobsaremadeunnecessaryeachyearinthewholecountryasaresultoftheautomationprocess,thusmakingunemploymentachiefsocialconcern.Accordingtogovernmentstatistics,thenumberofpeopleunemployedwasover5percentforthepe

14、riodfrom1958to1963.InJuly1981,itroseto7.8percent.Asamatteroffact,ithaslongbeenknownthatevenduringthemostprosperousperiodstherehavebeenpeoplewithoutenoughtoeat.SoIthinkthatswhyPresidentKennedysaidinhisinaugurationspeechin1961,ifthegovernmentdidnothelpthepoor,itcouldnotsavetherich.In1966,theSocialSecu

15、rityAdministrationcalculatedthatafamilyoffourneededanincomeof$3,355ayeartobeabovethelineofpoverty.Andin1977,theaveragepovertylineofthecountrywasslightlymorethan$6,200annualincomeforanon-farmfamilyoffour.AccordingtotheSocialSecurityAct,familiesofthatsizebelowpovertylineareeligibletoreceivebenefitsfro

16、mthespecialwelfareprogram.Theaverageweeklypaymentofbenefitsnowisequivalentto36percentoftheworkersnormalwage.Andthenumberofpeoplewhoreceivegovernmentbenefitsisincreasing.In1973,socialinsurancepaymentsbygovernments,mainlytooldagepensionersandpeoplewhohadlosttheirjobsorwereoffworkthroughillness,amounte

17、dto$86,000million.Thosenotfullyqualifiedforinsurancepaymentsreceived$29,000millioninpublicaid.Butproblemsstillexist.Manypeoplearenotreachedbytheanti-povertyprogram,becauselocalauthoritiesandagenciesdonotwanttoplaytheirpartordonotgavetheresourcestodoso.Somepoorpeoplewillnotaccepthelpforvariousreasons

18、.Ofcourse,therearesomemoreimportantfactorswhichlieinthestructureofthesociety,butIdontconsideritnecessarytodigintothemhere.Yetwewillperhapsagreethatsocialwelfareprogramshavesolvedtosomeextenttheproblemsoffeeding,clothingandhousingthosebelowthepovertyline.Onthewhole,itperhapsmightbesaidthatAmericanpeo

19、plearelivingabetterlifethanpeopleinmostothercountries.1.TheUnitedStatesiscalledacountryonwheelsbecause_.A.aboutone-fourthAmericansowntwocarsB.abitoveroneoutoffourhouseholdsaretheownersoftwocarsC.nearly8millionnewcarsdriveinthecountryeveryyearD. 80%Americanshaveatleastonecar2.Accordingtoa1968survey,t

20、enmillionAmericansfoundthemselvesinadifficulthealthsituationchieflydueto_.A.inadequatefeedingB.malnutritionC.unemploymentD.automation3.Theauthoruse”thedisplaced”(Line9,Para. 2)torefertothosewhoare_.A.unemployedB.disabledC.sickD.poor4.Theword“eligible”(Line6,Para.3)issynonymouswith“_”A.necessaryB.urg

21、entC.neededD.worthy5.Americansarelivingabetterlifethanthoseinmostofothercountriesbecause,tosomedegree, _.A.manyAmericansreceivebenefitsfromthespecialwelfareprogramB.somepoorpeoplecanreceivehelpforsomereasonorotherC.thereistheanti-povertyprogramintheU.S.D.socialwelfareprogramshavesomemeasuresettledth

22、eproblemsofthosebelowthepovertyline.答案：BCADDAscientificpanelconvenedbytheWorldHealthOrganizationrecommendedguidelinesonFridayfordoctorsconductingclinicalstudiesofSARSpatients.Thepanelurgeddoctorstoapplytheguidelinesinanalyzingthemassesofpotentiallyusefulinformationaboutvarioustherapiesthatwerecollec

23、tedinthisyearsepidemic.Muchofthatinformationhasnotbeenpublishedoranalyzed.“Itisamatterofurgencytogetbetteranalysisandreview,”saidDr.SimonMardel,aWHOofficialwholedthetwo-daymeetingthatendedonFriday.Hesaidthousandsofpotentialtherapiesandcompoundshadbeentestedsofarasresearcherstrytodeterminetreatmentsf

24、orSARS,orsevereacuterespiratorysyndrome. “WerecognizethathavingnotreatmentforSARSishinderingourabilitytocontrolanepidemicinsomanyways.”Hesaid.Intheepidemicearlierthisyear,varioustreatments,likedrugstofightthevirusorstrengthentheimmunesystem,aswellastraditionalChinesemedicine,weredeliveredunderemerge

25、ncyconditions,inwidelydifferentsettingsandcountriestopatientssufferingfromvaryingstagesoftheillness.Thoseconditionsgenerallywithoutstandardizedmeasurementsorcontrolledsituationshavemadeithardtointerpretresults.Standardsupportivetherapylikenursing,andinseverecasestheuseofmechanicalrespirators（呼吸器）toh

26、elppatientsbreathe,isthemainstay（主要支持）ofSARScare,andhelpedmanypatientssurvive.ButdoctorsstilldonotknowhowbesttotreatSARSpatientswhohavebreathingdifficulties.Dr.Mardelsaid.Onemethodisinvasiveventilation.Asecondmethodinvolvesblowingoxygenintothelungsthroughamask.Bothcarrytheriskoftransmittingthevirust

27、ohospitalemployees.Withoutproperanalysis,thepanelwasunabletosaydefinitivelywhichtreatmentworkedbest,orwhichcausedthemostharm. “Thereisalackofsharedinformation,”Dr.Mardelsaid,notingthatalotofdatahavenotbeenpublished.Thepanelalsoagreedonguidelinesthatwouldallowdoctorstoconductquickandsafeclinicaltrials,aprocessthatgenerallytakesyearstocomplete.TheworldHealthOrganization,aUnitedNationsagencydidnotreleasetheguidelines.Dr.Mardelsaidtheywereflexiblebecausenooneknewwhere,whenandinwhatsettingSARSwouldreturn.Experts