《英语教学法教程（第二版）》讲义.docx

1、第 1 章语言和语言学习1.1 复习笔记第一章重点讨论语言观和语言学习观、优秀英语教师的基本素质以及如何成为一名优秀的英语教师。本章要点：1. How do we learn languages?我们如何习得语言？2. ews on language 语言观点3. The structural view of language 结构主义语言理论4. The functional view of language 功能主义语言理论5. The interactional view of language 交互语言理论6. What are the common views on language

2、 learning?关于语言学习的普遍观点7. process-oriented theories and condition-oriented theories 强调过程的语言学习理论和强调条件的语言学习理论8. The behaviorist theory 行为主义学习理论9. Cognitive theory 认知学习理论10. Constructivist theory 建构主义理论11. Socio-constructivist theory 社会建构主义理论12. What makes a good language teacher?如何才能成为一个好的语言老师13. Teache

3、rs professional development教师专业技能发展 本章考点： 我们如何习得语言；我们如何习得语言；结构主义语言理论；功能主义语言理论；交互语言理论；关于语言 学习的普遍观点；强调过程的语言学习理论和强调条件的语言学习理论；行为主义学习理论；认知学习理论；建 构主义理论；社会建构主义理论；成为一个好的语言老师所要具备的基本素质；教师专业技能发展图 本章内容索引：I . How do we learn languages?II. Views on language1. The structural view of language2. The functional view

4、of language3. The interactional view of languageIII. Views on language learning and learning in general1. The behaviorist theory2. Cognitive theory3. Constructivist theory4. Socio-constructivist theoryIV. What makes a good language teacher?V. How can one become a good language teacher?VI. An overvie

5、w of the bookUnit 1 Language and Language Learning第 1 章语言和语言学习This chapter serves as an introduction for setting the scene for this这一章主要是为有关教学法的方法论做methodology course. It discusses issues concerning views on language介绍，这里介绍了语言理论或对语言的认识，and language learning or learning in general with the belief tha

6、t such语言学习和普遍学习，及它们对教师教学方views will affect teachers，ways of teaching and thus learners，ways of式的影响，本章也讨论了一个好的英语教师具learning. The qualities of a good language teacher is also discussed in的素质。备order to raise the participants awareness of what is required for a good English teacher.I . How do we learn l

7、anguages?I.我们如何习得语言Much of human behaviour is influenced by their experiences. The大多数人类行为受到过往经验的影响。语way language teachers teach in the classroom is to some extent言老师在课堂上的教学方式也会受到它们学influenced by the way they learned languages. This is especially true in习语言的方式的影响。特别在学习外语时尤为foreign language teaching.如

8、此。The challenge confronting language teaching is how teaching methodology can ensure successful learning by all the learners who have more differences than the commonality.II .Xews on languageII.语言理论或对语言的认识【考点：结构主义语言理论、功能主义语言理论、交互语言理的定义有三种不同的观点反映了当前语言学习及具体应用】的方法，它们是：Three views about the nature of l

9、anguage: There are many possible theoretical positions about the nature of language. Here are three differentviews which explicitly or implicitly is reflected in current approaches tolanguage learning.1. The structural view of language1.结构主义语言理论The structural view of language is that language is a s

10、ystem of结构主义语言理论是指语言是各因素在structurally related elements for the transmission of meaning.结构上相互联系的传递意义的系统。(1) These elements are usually described as phonological units(phonemes)结构主义语言学重视共时语言（也就是口grammatical units (phrases, clauses, sentences)语）的研宄，特别着重于分析、描写语言的结 grammatical operations (adding, shiftin

11、g, joining or构系统；从不孤立地看待语言要素，认为语transforming elements)言的一切都奠定在关系的基础上。 lexical items (function words and structure words)语言是一个完整的符号系统，具有分层次(2) Target of language learning的形式结构；在描写语言结构的各个层次时，The target of language learning, in the structural view, is the mastery特别注重分析各种对立成分。of elements of this system.

12、(3) Methods based on this viewSome of the language learning methods based on this view of language are: the Audiolingual method H Total Physical ResponseH the Silent Way2. The functional view of language2.功能主义语言理论The functional, or communicative view of language is the view that功能主义语言理论是指表示功能意义的lang

13、uage is a vehicle for the expression of functional meaning.交流的工具。British linguists developed a system of categories based on the功能主义语言理论以学者的交际需要为communicative needs of the learner (Johnson and Marrow, 1981) and基础，提出基于交际功能的教学大纲。功能proposed a syllabus based on communicative functions. The functional vi

14、ew not only sees language as a linguistic system but also a means for主义理论不仅把语言看作语言系统，同时把语言看成是做事的方式。doing things.The semantic and communicative dimensions of language are more emphasized than the grammatical characteristics, although these are alsoincluded.(1) Here are some of the areas of research i

15、n this view of language: sociolinguistics ; pragmatics ; semantics(2) Target of language learning : The target of language learning is to learn to express communication functions and categories of meaning(3) Approaches and methods based on this view(3)功能主义语言理论的方法：交际法； Some of the language learning a

16、pproaches and methods based on功能意念教学大纲；自然法。this view of language are: Communicative approaches Functional-notional syllabuses The Natural Approach3. The interactional view of language3.交互语言理论The interactional view of language sees language primarily as the交互语言理论把语言看做是建立和维持means for establishing and

17、maintaining interpersonal relationships and 人际关系的手段，并履行人与人之间社会交for performing social transactions between individuals.的功能。际(1) Here are some of the areas of research in this view of language:(1)交互语言理论所要研宄的领域有： interactional analysis交互分析；会话分析；民族方法学 conversational analysisEthnomethodology(2) Target of

18、 language learning: The target of language learning in(2)目标是学会发起维持与其他人的对 the interactional view is learning to initiate and maintain conversations话。with other people.(3) Approaches and methods based on this viewSome of the language learning approaches and methods based on this view of language are:S

19、trategic interaction communicative approaches(4) Teaching Methods in the Language Classroom: FL teachers must(4)语言课堂的教学方法：provide students with adequate teaching methodology and time, as well教师应该提供给学生足够的教学方法论as appropriate vocabulary and learning activities that will allow for the 和时间、适当的词汇和学习活动，让他们

20、提development of verbal skills.口语技能。升There is no single “BEST WAY，to teach. The question teachers课堂上并没有教学的最好的方法，只有must address is which methods are best employed during the different适合学习的方法，教师可以根据最终目标来设stages of the teaching and learning process and then design curriculum to课程和教学计划。计meet their final

21、objectives/goals.HI. What are the common views on language learning?m.关于语言学习的普遍观点【考点：强调过程的语言学习理论和强调条件的语言学习理论；行为主义学习理论；认知学习理论；建构主义理论；社会建构主义理论】A language learning theory underlying an approach or methodusually include: (1) the psycholinguistic and cognitive processes involved in language learning; (2)

22、 the conditions that need to be met in order forthese learning processes to be activatedprocess-oriented theories and condition-oriented theoriesProcess-oriented theories 强调过程的Process-oriented theories are concerned with how the mind organises new information such as habit formation, induction, maki

23、ng语言学习理论：涉及的是智力如何组织诸如习惯养成、做出推理、假设检验和概括等信息的过inference, hypothesis testing and generalization.Condition-oriented theories程。强调条件Condition-oriented theories emphasise the nature of the human and的语言学习理论：强调的是语言学习发生自然的本physical context in which language learning takes place, such as the number of students,

24、 the kind of input learners receive, and the atmosphere. Some researchers attempt to formulate teaching approaches directly from these theories. For example, the Natural Approach, Total Physical Response, and the Silent Way are based on one or more dimensions of processes and conditions.Some researc

25、hers attempt to formulate teaching approaches directly from these theories.1. The behaviorist theory( Skinner)a stimulus-response theory of psychologyProposed by behavioral psychologist Skinner. He suggested that language is also a form of behavior. It can be learned the same way as an animal is tra

26、ined to respond to stimuli. This theory of learning is referred to as behaviorism.The key point of the theory of conditioning is that “you can train an animal to do anything (within reason) if you follow a certain procedure which has three major stages, stimulus, response, and reinforcement，One infl

27、uential result is the audio-lingual method, which involves endless listen and repeat drilling activities. The idea of this method is that language is learned by constant repetition and the reinforcement of the teacher. Mistakes were immediately corrected, and correct utterances were immediately prai

28、sed. This method is still used in many parts of the world today.2. Cognitive theory( Noam Chomsky):The term cognitive is to describe loosely methods in which students are asked to think rather than simply repeat.A language learner acquires language competence which enables him to produce language.Th

29、ough Chomskys theory is not directly applied in language teaching, it has had a great impact on the profession.One influential idea is that students should be allowed to create their own sentences based on their understanding of certain rules. This idea is clearly in opposition to the audio-lingual

30、method.3. Constructivist theoryThe constructivist theory believes that learning is a process in which the learner constructs meaning based on his / her own experiences and what he / she already knows.It is believed that education is used to develop the mind, not just to rote recall what is learned.J

31、ohn Dewey believed that teaching should be built based on what learners already knew and engage learners in learning activities. Teachers need to design environments and interact with learners to foster inventive, creative, critical learners.4. Socio-constructivist theorySimilar to constructivist th

32、eory, socio-constructivist theory represented by Vygotsky (1978) emphasises interaction and engagement with the target language in a social context based on the concept of Zone of Proximal Development，(ZPD) and scaffolding. In other words, learning is best achieved through the dynamic interaction be