RF Measurements for Cellular Phones and Wireless Data Systems资料下载.pdf

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5、ngress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:Scott,Allan W.RF measurements for cellular phones and wireless data systems/Allan W.Scott,Rex Frobenius.p.cm.ISBN 978-0-470-12948-7（cloth）1.Radio frequency integrated circuitsTesting.2.Wireless communication systemsEquipmentand suppliesDesign and construction.3.

6、Cellular telephonesEquipment and suppliesDesignand construction.I.Frobenius,Rex.II.Title.TK7874.S36 2008621.384506dc222008004929Printed in the United States of America10987654321CONTENTS1INTRODUCTION11.1The Market for Cellular Phones and Wireless Data TransmissionEquipment/11.2Organization of the Bo

7、ok/31.3Part I:RF Principles/41.4Summary of Chapter 2:Characteristics of RF Signals/41.5Summary of Chapter 3:Mismatches/41.6Summary of Chapter 4:Digital Modulation/41.7Part II:RF Measurement Equipment/91.8Summary of Chapter 5:RF Signal Generators/91.9Summary of Chapter 6:Power Meters/101.10 Summary o

8、f Chapter 7:Frequency Counters/101.11 Summary of Chapter 8:VNAs/141.12 Summary of Chapter 9:Spectrum Analyzers/141.13 Summary of Chapter 10:VSAs/171.14 Summary of Chapter 11:Noise Figure Meters/171.15 Summary of Chapter 12:Coaxial Cables and Connectors/191.16 Summary of Chapter 13:Measurement Uncert

9、ainties/191.17 Summary of Chapter 14:Measurement of Components Without CoaxialConnectors/211.18 Part III:Measurement of Individual RF Components/21v1.19 Summary of Chapter 15:RF CommunicationsSystem Block Diagram/221.20 Summary of Chapter 16:Signal Control Components/221.21 Summary of Chapter 17:PLO

10、s/221.22 Summary of Chapter 18:Upconverters/241.23 Summary of Chapter 19:Power Amplifiers/241.24 Summary of Chapter 20:Antennas/291.25 Summary of Chapter 21:RF Receiver Requirements/311.26 Summary of Chapter 22:RF Filters/331.27 Summary of Chapter 23:LNAs/351.28 Summary of Chapter 24:Mixers/361.29 S

11、ummary of Chapter 25:Noise Figure Measurement/381.30 Summary of Chapter 26:Intermodulation Product Measurement/381.31 Summary of Chapter 27:Overall Receiver/391.32 Summary of Chapter 28:RFICs and SOC/391.33 Part IV:Testing of Devices and Systems with DigitallyModulated RF Signals/411.34 Summary of C

12、hapter 29:Digital Communications Signals/421.35 Summary of Chapter 30:FDMA,TDMA,and CDMA Multiple AccessTechniques/441.36 Summary of Chapter 31:OFDM and OFDMA/461.37 Summary of Chapter 32:ACP/481.38 Summary of Chapter 33:Constellation,Vector,and Eye Diagrams,andEVM/481.39 Summary of Chapter 34:CCDF/

13、511.40 Summary of Chapter 35:BER/531.41 Summary of Chapter 36:Measurement of GSMEvolution Components/541.42 Annotated Bibliography/55PART IRF AND WIRELESS PRINCIPLES572CHARACTERISTICS OF RF SIGNALS592.1Electric and Magnetic Fields/602.2Electromagnetic Waves/622.3Properties of RF Waves/63Frequency/64

14、Wavelength/64Impedance/67viCONTENTSPower Density/67Phase/682.4RF Power Expressed in dB and dBm/69dB Terminology/70dBm Terminology/722.5Using dB and dBm to Determine an RF Link Budget/732.6Alternate Names for dB and dBm/782.7Annotated Bibliography/783MISMATCHES793.1The Mismatch Problem/793.2Ways of S

15、pecifying Mismatches/803.3Conversion Between Different Ways of Expressing Mismatch/823.4S-Parameters/853.5Matching with the Smith Chart/873.6Derivation of the Smith Chart/893.7Plotting Mismatches on the Smith Chart/943.8Matching Calculations with the Smith Chart/993.9Using Parallel Matching Elements

16、/1033.10 Lumped Elements in Combination/1053.11 Smith Chart Software/1063.12 Annotated Bibliography/1114DIGITAL MODULATION1134.1Modulation Principles/1134.2Multilevel Modulation/1154.3Special Phase Modulation Techniques/118DPSK/118p/4QPSK/1193/8p 8PSK Modulation for EDGE/1194.4Digital Frequency Modu

17、lation/1204.5Upconversion Requirements/1224.6Annotated Bibliography/122PART IIRF MEASUREMENT EQUIPMENT1235RF SIGNAL GENERATORS1255.1What an RF Signal Generator Does/125CONTENTSvii5.2Supported Wireless Communication Formats/1275.3RF Signal Generator Displays/1275.4RF Signal Generator Controls/1275.5M

18、odulation Architectures/1295.6Phase Noise of the RF Signal Generator/1305.7Annotated Bibliography/1306RF POWER METERS1316.1RF Power Meter Basics/1316.2Power Meter Sensors/1336.3A Schottky Diode for Power Measurements in Cellular PhoneSystems/1346.4The Power Meter Unit/1356.5Power Meter Controls/1386

19、.6Annotated Bibliography/1387FREQUENCY COUNTERS1397.1Frequency Counter Operation/1397.2Annotated Bibliography/1418VNAs1438.1What a VNA Does/1438.2What a VNA Can Measure/1438.3VNA Controls/144Dislay Control/144Channel Setup/145Trace Setup/145Entry Control/1478.4VNA Display Notations/1478.5Error Corre

20、ction/1478.6Example of VNA Measurements on an RF Part/1528.7Swept Measurements on the VNA as a Function of Power/1548.8Example Measurement Procedure Using the VNA/157Objective/157Measurements Being Demonstrated/158DUT Specifications/161Significance to Wireless System Performance/161Generic Procedure

21、/1618.9Annotated Bibliography/165viiiCONTENTS9SPECTRUM ANALYZERS1679.1Spectrum Analyzer Principles/1679.2What a Spectrum Analyzer Can Measure/1689.3Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram/1709.4Spectrum Analyzer Controls/171Center Frequency and Span/171Reference Level and Attenuation/172Resolution Bandwidth

22、/173Video Bandwidth/173Markers/1759.5Power Suite Measurements/1759.6Basic Modulation Formats/1759.7Example Spectrum Analyzer Operation and FM SpectrumMeasurement/178Objective/178FM Theory/178Measurements Being Demonstrated/178Generic Procedure/1789.8Annotated Bibliography/18010VSAs18310.1What a VSA

23、Does/18310.2VSA Equipment/18310.3What the VSA Can Measure/18510.4Annotated Bibliography/19111NOISE FIGURE METERS19311.1Noise Figure Meter Setup/19311.2Noise Figure Principles/19311.3Annotated Bibliography/19712COAXIAL CABLES AND CONNECTORS19912.1Coaxial Connectors/19912.2Cables and Connectors Best P

24、ractices/20012.3Popular Coaxial Cable Connectors/20012.4Coaxial Cables/20212.5Annotated Bibliography/202CONTENTSix13RF MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTIES20313.1Mismatch Uncertainties/20413.2RF Power Meter Measurement Uncertainties/205Mismatch Uncertainties/205Calibration Factor Uncertainty/207Magnification a

25、nd Offset/20713.3Uncertainty of VNA Measurement of Absolute Power/20713.4Uncertainty of Spectrum Analyzer Measurements/210Frequency Measurement Uncertainty/210Power Measurement Uncertainty/210Examples of Measurement Uncertainty of PSA 4440E SpectrumAnalyzer Under Different Measurement Conditions/211

26、13.5Measurement Uncertainties of Ratioed Measurements with aVNA/21113.6Noise Figure Measurement Uncertainty/21513.7Annotated Bibliography/21614COMPONENTS THAT DO NOT HAVECOAXIAL CONNECTORS21914.1Using SOLT Calibration Standards Fabricated in Microstrip/22014.2TRL Standards in Microstrip/22214.3De-Em

27、bedding/22214.4Including the Fixture Effects as Part of the VNA Calibration/22314.5Annotated Bibliography/223PART IIIMEASUREMENT OF INDIVIDUAL RFCOMPONENTS22515RF COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM22715.1RF Communications System Components/22715.2Annotated Bibliography/23216SIGNAL CONTROL COMPONENT

28、S23316.1RF Semiconductors/23316.2Electronically Controlled Attenuators and Switches/23616.3Measurements of PIN Diode Attenuators and Switches/24016.4Annotated Bibliography/240 xCONTENTS17PLOs24117.1Characteristics and Operation of a PLO/24117.2Phase Noise and its Significance in a Digital RFCommunic

29、ations System/24617.3Characteristics of PLOs that Need to be Measured/248Frequency/248Tuning Sensitivity/249Power/249Phase Noise/24917.4Example Procedure for Phase Noise Measurements of PLOs/252Measurements Being Described/252Specifications of PLO/252Significance to Wireless System Performance/252Generic Procedure/25217.5Annotated Bibliography/25418UPCONVERTERS25518.1How an Upconverter Works/25518.2Mathematical Theory of Upconverter andMixer Action/25718.3Measurement of Upconverter Performance/25818.4Generic Procedur