非谓语动词.docx

1、非谓语动词非谓语动词一、考情分析（一）命题规律1、主要考查分词与不定式作状语与定语，题目的设置更加注重语境，更加注重了情景化和结构复杂化，加大了考生对题干的理解难度。2、设问角度呈现多样化的特点，三种非谓语动词之间相互干扰。（二）命题趋势1、对分词作状语、定语的考查将继续为高考的重点。2、不定式尤其是不定式作目的状语和定语的考查热度不减。二、非谓语动词的句法功能 （一）句法功能非谓语动词不能单独作谓语，其他句子成分都可以作（二）时态、语态 非谓语动词主动语态被动语态不定式一般式 to do to be done进行式to be doing 完成式to have done to have bee

2、n done完成进行式to have been doing 现在分词与动名词一般式doing being done完成式having done having been done注意：1、动名词的复合结构就是在动名词前面加上它的逻辑主语。其形式为：名词所有格、普通格、代词宾格、形容词性、物主代词 + 动名词 His not coming to my birthday party made me a little anxious.I remember Janes / Jane going there. 2、过去分词本身表被动完成，所以没有主、被动之分。3、非谓语动词的否定式是在其前面加not.三、

3、非谓语动词作状语（一）不定式作状语1、目的状语 动词不定式作状语表目的，其逻辑主语亦是全句的主语，在强调这种目的状语时，不定式前面可以加in order 或 so as,亦可把to do 或 in order to 放于句首，但so as to 不能放在句首。I stared early to/so as to /in order to (get)there on time.= To /In order to 2、结果状语不定式作结果状语，其逻辑主语通常也是全句的主语。常在so/suchas to,enough to,only to,以及tooto等结构中表结果。He hurried to t

4、he station only to (find) the train had already left.3、原因状语不定式作原因状语，往往用在表示情感或态度的形容词后面。She was glad (hear) the news that he had passed the driving test.4、条件状语不定式作条件状语，可改组成相对应的条件状语从句。To turn to the left(= If you ),you could find a big park.（二）分词作状语1、分词作状语形式的选择（1）v-ing(doing) 形式与句中的主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系，与句中的谓语动

5、词同时发生，或基本同时发生。Seeing the cat,the mouse ran off.(2)having +v -ed (having done)与句中的主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系，先于谓语动词发生。Not having finished their homework ,they were left after school.(3)v-ed(done)与句中的主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系。United ,we stand; divided,we fall.(4)being + v-ed 与句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系，且与谓语动词同时发生，一般做原因状语置于句首。Being sick, I

6、was absent from school yesterday.(5)having been +v-ed (having been done)与句中的主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系，且先于谓语动词发生。Having been read many times,the crabbled (深奥的)story seems much easier.注意：done 与having been done 作状语的区别1、 done 表示已经被做2、 having been done 强调动作先于谓语动词发生，且后面一般跟明显的时间状语。 Asked about his family ,he made no an

7、swer. Having been kept in the cage for half a day ,the bird became hungry.2、分词作状语的用法 分词作状语时表示的动作是主语动作的一部分，与谓语动词表示的动作（或状态）同时或几乎同时发生，有时先于谓语动词的动作发生。 (1)表时间，相当when,while引导的状语从句常在连词when,while,before,after,since之后。 When (complete),the road will be open to public. (2)表原因，相当于because,since,as 引导的原因状语从句。 (not

8、 understand ) this ,he asked the teacher about it.(= Because he ) (defeat)by his deskmate, he felt discouraged.(3)表条件，相当于if,unless引导的条件状语从句。常见引导条件状语从句的分词有given,supposed,considering,provided,grantedcompared with等。这类状语通常位于句子的前半部分。 （work）hard, you will succeed. (give) more time, I can finish the work.D

9、anny has too much homework (consider) that he is young.(= Danny has if we )(4)表让步，相当于though,although,even if引导的状语从句。 (warn) of the danger, he still went skating on the thin ice. (lack) money, he managed to borrow money and bought the radio.(= Though he lacked )(5)表结果，相当于so that引导的结果状语从句,这种分词前有时有thus

10、,only或thereby。过去分词一般不做结果状语。Their car was caught in a traffic jam, thus (cause)the delay.(6)表方式或伴随，翻译时一般译成并列复合句。 He made the boy sit there, (promise) he would not hurt him. The professor came into the classroom, (follow) by some students.（三）独立成分作状语 有些分词或不定式作状语，形式不受上下文的影响，称为独立成分。1、现在分词的独立成分。 有些分词在句中独立

11、存在，没有逻辑上的主语，作为习惯用法。 genarally /roughly /frankly/broadly/narrowly/strictly speaking 一般、粗略、坦率、广义、狭义/严格地说 talking of谈到 speaking of说到 judging from 由来判断 taking all things into consideration 从各方面来说 allowing for 考虑到 Generally (speak ),girls are more interested in literature than boys. 2、不定式的独立成分 有些固定短语是带to

12、的不定式，表明说话人的立场或态度，在句中作独立成分。to be honest老实说 to be sure 确实 to tell you the truth 说实话to cut a long story short 长话短说to be frank 坦率地说to make things/matters worse更糟糕的是，等等。 To tell you the truth ,this is all Greek to me.四、非谓语动词作定语（一）不定式作定语动词不定式作定语必须后置，即放在所修饰词的后面。1、作定语的不定式与所修饰的名词之间往往有动宾关系，如果这个不定式是不及物动词，它后面应带

13、有必要的介词。 I havent got a chair (sit/sit on )2、不定式在某些句子中做定语相当于一个定语从句，表明动作即将发生。The conference (take place) next month(= that will take place next month) is bound to be a success.3、有些名词后只接不定式作定语，不接of doing ,常见的名词有： ability,tendency,attempt,desire,effort,failure,promise 等。 Do you have the ability (read an

14、d write) in English ?（二）分词作定语1、单个分词作定语时，往往放在所修饰的词的前面，分词短语作定语一般放在所修饰的词的后面。Are there any living things on the moon?He is to blame for the spoiled child.Do you know the man sitting there? 2单个分词和动名词都可以作前置定语，但分词往往表示所修饰词发出的动作，即分词动作的逻辑主语是它所修饰的词；而动名词则不然，它所修饰的词不能充当其逻辑主语。(1)动名词作定语 A sleeping car ( a car for s

15、leeping ) A washing machine ( a machine for washing )(2)现在分词作定语 A swimming boy ( a boy who is/was swimming ) The man ( speak )to our headmaster is Toms father.(= The man who is speaking ) 3.doing,done, being done 与to be done 的区别 (1)doing 与所修饰词之间是主谓关系 现在分词作后置定语，要么表示一个（现在或将来）正在进行的动作，要么表示某个经常性的动作或状态，这时

16、形容词性特点更强。A little boy （learn ）to walk often falls. ( 表示长久的或永久性的特点 )The young man （sit） between John and Mary is the editor of the campus newspaper.( 表正在进行的动作) （2）done 作定语，与所修饰词之间是动宾关系，表动作被动完成。 The boy (injure)in the accident was taken to hospital.(injure 动作发生在take 之前) （3）过去分词表达一个正在进行的动作时，常用“being +

17、过去分词”We must keep a secret of the thing ( discuss ) here .( discuss 作定语表正在进行的动作 )(4) 过去分词在表示一个将来的动作时，用“to be + 过去分词”结构They were not very interested in the election ( hold ) next month.五、非谓语动词作宾语（一）下列动词只接不定式作宾语（2H3DA4P,2worst fem -女人）巧记近20多个动词 help ，hope, decide ,determine,demand, attempt, agree, aff

18、ord, pretend, promise, prepare,plan,want,wish, offer, refuse, seek,tend , fail,expect,manage等。注意：有些动词后常接“疑问词+不定式”短语作宾语，常见这样的动词有：discover,explain,wonder,know,tell等。We all wonder how ( deal ) with the colourful apples.（二）下列动词只接动名词作宾语 顺口溜：考虑建议盼原谅，consider,suggest/advise , look forward to, excuse/pardon

19、承认推迟没得想。Admit,delay/put off, fancy避免错过继续练，avoid, miss, keep/ keep on , practise否认完成就欣赏。Deny, finish, enjoy/appreciate禁止想象才冒险，forbid, imagine,risk不禁介意准逃亡。Cant help, mind, allow/permit,escape 此外在“v + 介词”短语中be used to, lead to, stick to ,get down to ,give up, feel like, insist on, put off, thank you fo

20、r, appologize for ,be busy (in),have trouble/difficulty (in),have a good/ wonderful/hard time (in )Im considering ( change )a job.Im looking forward to ( hear )from you soon.Can you imagine the difficulty I had ( look )for my lost son?（三）既接不定式又可以接动名词作宾语的动词1、意思上有区别 be used to do be used to doing forg

21、et to do sth forget doing sth remember to do sth remember doing sth regret to do sth regret doing sth stop to do sth stop doing sth mean to do sth mean doing try to do sth try doing sth go on to do sth go on doing sth (= go on with sth ) cant help (to )do sth cant help doing sth I regret ( not accep

22、t ) your advice. ( accept在前 regret在后)I regret ( say ) I havent given you enough help.(regret 在前say在后 )I forgot ( post ) the letter. 我忘了寄了信了。 (信已寄)I forgot ( post ) the letter. 我忘了寄信了。(信没寄)I didnt mean ( hurt ) you.注意：有些动词后面接动名词作宾语，但却接不定式作宾补，常见的动词有allow,permit,forbid, advise等。 Permit /allow doing sth

23、 Permit/allow sb to do sth Forbid doing sth Forbid sb to do sth Advise doing sth Advise sb to do sth 2、有些动词如like,love ,prefer，后接动名词表示经常性行为，后接不定式表示具体的行为。 I like ( swim )very much, but I dont like ( swim ) now. 注意：如果like,love, prefer前面有would/should，后面接动词不定式；而feel like 后接动名词。 I would like ( have ) a fa

24、ce-to-face talk to him. 3、有些动词如need,require,want,deserve 等的主语是“物”时，表示“需要”，后面需用动名词的主动形式或to be done 作宾语，表示“某事需要被做” The window needs/requires/wants ( clean ). These proposals deserve ( consider )（四）动词不定式在介词but,rather than 后面时，如果介词之前有行为动词的各种形式，那么不定式往往不带to，否则带to 。 We could do nothing but ( wait ). We hav

25、e no choice but ( wait ).（五）常见的不含to的不定式的句式 had better 最好 had best would rather than 宁愿（也不）would sooner than rather than cannot help but 不得不，只得 cannot but cannot choose but do nothing but do sth 只好做某事 have nothing to do but do sth 只能做某事 Why do sth? 为什么做某事 Why not do sth? 为什么不做某事 may/might as well do

26、不妨，还是好 do no more than 只不过,仅仅 We could not but ( sweep ) at our bad luck. It is raining hard. I cannot help but ( stay ) at home.He would rather ( die ) than ( give )in.We may as well ( go )and ( have )a look.I did no more than ( finish )the work.六、非谓语动词作补语（一）不定式、分词作宾语补足语1、下列动词（短语）后跟带to的不定式作宾补advise

27、,allow,ask,beg,cause,encourage,expect,forbid,force,get,intend,invite,order,persuade,prefer,require,teach,tell,want,wish,remind,waitfor,call on,depend on等。 Our teacher encouraged us ( face )difficulty bravely.I tried to persuade him ( give )up smoking, but in vain. She asked me ( answer ) the phone i

28、n her absence. 2、分词作宾补 （1）分词一般只在两类动词后面作宾补：感觉、感官动词和使役动词。 现在分词表示正在进行的主动意义，过去分词表示已经完成的被动意义。 I have two men ( work )for me in the compony. I will have my hair ( cut )tomorrow. He heard a man ( sing ) an English song in the next room. He heard an English song ( sing ) next door.注意：若表示宾补的动作“正在被做”，则用being

29、done作宾补.(2)make等动词后宾补的用法 make+get +have+leave keep宾语+do 宾语与补语之间是主动关系宾语+ done 宾语与补语之间是被动关系sb to do 使某人做某事（宾语和补语是主动关系）sb/sth doing 使人（物）一直做（宾语和补语是主动关系，表动作在进行）sth done 使人去做（ 宾语和补语是动宾被动关系）sb do sth 使、让某人做某事（sb和do之间为主动关系）sb/sth doing 使、让某人、某物一直做（doing主动进行）sth done 使、让某事由某人做（sth和done之间是被动关系）sb doing sth 让

30、某人一直做某事sth undone 留下某事未做 一般以undone, unfinished,unsettled为多。sb doing 使某人一直做某事sb/sth done 使某人、某物被He made his workers ( work )twelve hours a day.He tried his best to make himself ( understand )Ill get my bike ( repair ) tomorrow.The captain got the soldiers ( move )toward the front after a rest.He got me ( post )the letter for him. He had his car ( sell )last week.注意：(1)have sb doing 若用在否定句中，其中have 有“容忍”之意(2)have还可以用于have sth to do 结构，have作“有”讲