谢孟媛英文初级文法全集笔记完美版.docx

1、谢孟媛英文初级文法全集笔记完美版名词的功用。当主语，补语，受词1. 名词的种类 单数/复数普通名词 book pencil. Dog. Spaceship宇宙飞船、集合名词 class, family, audience 听众。例如 1. My family is large. 我家是一个大家庭。 2. My family are all early risers 起早的人。 我家人都起的很早. 专用名词 Bob, Smith, April, 专用名词前不能加冠词 不加S下面的专用名词需要加上定冠词。The united states . 美国 The united Nations .联合国。

2、物质名词 glass wood paper butter fruit 数字 容器（度量衡） of 物质名词a loaf of bread 一片面包。 Loaves of bread 很多面包 A cup of coffee. 一杯咖啡。 A sheet of paper. 一张纸。 Two sheets of paper.两张纸 A spoonful of sugar 一勺糖。抽象名词 beauty美丽 honesty诚实 love爱 patience 耐心 happiness 幸福 music 音乐。2. 名词的数 单数/ 个数2 以上是复数名词字尾加s 大多数 dog dogs book

3、books girl girls 名词字尾为 o加es classes buses dishes benches boxes名词字尾为子音加o，加es 如tomatoes 例外photos pianos 名词字尾为y 的复数名词要去y ies baby-babies story-stories city-cities lady-ladies 名词字尾为f 或fe 去 f/fe ves 如 leaf-leaves knife-knives wife-wives 例外handkerchiefs chiefs roofs 不规则变化的复数名名词字尾加 en , 或 ren 如 Ox-oxen , c

4、hild-children改变母音 如 man-men woman-women goose-geese tooth-teeth mouse-mice 单复数同形 如 fish deer sheep chineses japanese One fish two fish(个) a kind of fish two kinds of fishes（种）3. 名词的所有格单数名词：名词s 例如 The boys schoolbag/ Joans dress复数名词：名词s 例如 a girls school/ these students teacher字尾非s 的复数名词:名词s 例如 child

5、rens playground操场特别注意的所有格用法共同所有格：名词名词名词s个别所有格：名词s名词s名词s 1 Harry and Bills father is a scientist s and Bills fathers are scientists （无）生物 所有格： A的B B of A the legs of the table the door of the car the girls name有生命的东西可以这样用 the name of the girl所有格之后的名词如在句中非常容易理解时可以省略1. shes going to the dentists 2 I me

6、t him at the barbers（shop） 3. We like to eat lunch at McDonalds. 我们在麦当老吃午餐。4冠词 分为不定冠词a/an 及定冠词the,它通常放在名词前用来修饰名词a/an 的用法 子音开头的单数用a a book a girl a young a man 母音开头的单数用an母音有5个(I) an apple an umbrella an old womana/an 的发音 I read a novel.I read a novel,not two.the的用法-母音前读 （they） 子音前的读 （the） the apple t

7、he novelPlease shut the door.特指一定要加theThe rich arent always +形容词泛指“的人”。一般动词的现在时1. be 动词的现在时am are is 是 在We are happy. She is in America.主词（S）be动词(V)第一人称 I am a boy. 第二人称、第三人称they/复数名词 you、they、复数 are You are my sons.你们是我的儿子。第三人称单数+is. He is my student.Be 动词的否定:am/are/isnotHe is not a good baseball p

8、layer. He isnt a good baseball player.Hes not a good baseball player. are not arentBe动词的疑问句肯定句:主词am/are/is疑问句:am/are/is主词That is his camera. Is that his camera?The girl is a junior high school student. senior high school 高中Is the girl a junior high school student? junior high school 初中Be动词开头的疑问句可用ye

9、s或no回答: Yes,S be. No,S be not.Is that man your math teacher？ Yes,he is. No,he isnt No,he is my PE teacher.Are you eating your lunch？ Yes, I am. No,I am not.2. 一般动词的现在式 习惯性的动作 正在做的动作主词一般动词 现在时中主词为第三人称单数：一般动词s 或esI like dogs. We like dogs. You like dogs. You like dogs. He likes dogs. They like dogs. 第

10、三人称单数s 一般动词加s或es的方法:大部分动词加s发音为s或z。 works无声s， plays有声z 一般动词字尾为o s sh ch 时加es goesz washesiz watchesiz 一般动词字尾音为y时去y加ies cry cries study studies Have和has have（有/吃）的单数动词为has。They have a lot of money.(不可数)He has a lot of money. 三单数用has一般动词的否定句:不可在一般动词后加not必须用助动词do/does do用于主词为I you 复数does用于主词为第三人称单数否定句:主

11、词do/doesnot原型动词The twin brothers go to school by bus.The twin brothers do not go to school by bus. dont Sam has dinner at the restaurant.Sam doesnt have dinner at the restaurant.一般动词的疑问句：Do/Does主词 动词原型。You visit your grandmother on Sunday.Do you visit your grandmother on Sunday? He comes from Englan

12、d. Does he come from England？ do/does开头的疑问句回答:用yes/no之后用do/ does回答Does the little boy go to school? Yes,he does. No,he doesnt 一般过去式be动词一般动词的过去式be 动词的过去式was/were am/is-as are-were 过去时be动词的动词表示过去时间中发生的状态，现在不现在式 He is busy now. 过去式 He was busy then. 那时他很忙。时间副词改变，动词时态也必须改变。My parents are at home now。我的父

13、母现在在家。My parents were at home yesterday.我的父母昨天在家。Be动词(过去式)的否定句：主词was/werenot Mr brown was a vet. 否定 Mr brown wasnt a vet .Joe and brian were in the living room at that that time=then 否定 Joe and brian werent in the living room at that time ,Be动词过去式的疑问句： was/were主词Wendy was in the seventh grade last y

14、ear. Wendy去年读7年级。Was Wendy in the seventh grade last year?Were you a pianist? Piano 钢琴 pianist钢琴家。 Yes,I was. No,I wasnt.一般动词的过去式：规则变化/不规则变化 规则变化+ed tdid,无声则t，有声则d,字尾是t或d则id 原型动词ed helpedpt spelled ld wanted tid needed 原型动词有ed loved dance danced 有例外write worte 原型动词为子音短母音子音（本身比较短）：重复字尾加ed如stopped pla

15、nned 原型动词为子音有y,去y加ied 如 study-studied cry-cried 不规则变化 eat-ate read（瑞得）-read （瑞爱得）注意写法一样 读音不同 ride-rode come-came have-had see-saw go-went teach-taught give-gave take-tookI walk to school every day. I walked to school yesterday.动词随着时间改变形态 Mother goes to a supermarket every morning. Mother went to a s

16、upermarket yesterday morning. 主词为第三人称单数过去式不需加s。 过去式不分人称 一般动词（过去式）的否定句:需用助动词 Did/Do 肯定句:主词+一般动词过去式 否定句:主词+did not+动词原型He called you last night. He didint call you last night.My sister and I watched TV all day yesterday. My sister and I didnt watch TV all day yesterday. 并非看了一整天电视，看了not all 并非 didnt al

17、l 并非 一般动词（过去式）的疑问句 肯定句：主词一般动词过去式 疑问句：Did主词原型His friends went to that movie last week. 他的朋友们上周去看电影了。Did his friends go to that movie last week？ Grace wrote a letter to David. Did Grace write a letter to David? Yes,she did. No,she didnt. 代名词 人称代词人称代词第一人称单数第二人称单数第三人称单数第一人称复数第二人称复数第三人称复数主格Iyouhe/she/itw

18、eyouthey宾格meyouhim/her/itusyouthem汉语我你他/她/它我们你们他（她、它）们形容词性物主代词myyourhis/her/itsouryourtheir名词性物主代词mineyourshis/hers/itsoursyourstheirs汉语我的你的他的/她的/它的我们的你们的他（她、它）们的主格，所有格， 受格的用法：主格动词He likes sports.所有格名词His friends are over there.他的朋友们都在那里。一般动词受词/ 介系词The girl loves him very much. 这个女孩非常爱他。who is it ?

19、你是谁啊？（ 没有看见的时候问的） Its I.(正常) Its me. 这个用的人多。it的用法: it 可表示 天候 时间 距离等等1. It rains a lot of in taipiei in spring. 在春天的台北下很多雨。2. It was two oclock when he came back.当他回到家时是2点钟了。3. Its five kilometers from here to the airport. 从这里到机场有5公里。it 可表示某一状况：多半是说话人及听的人都能了解的特定状况。1. Who knocked at the door. 谁在敲门？I t

20、hought it was Jack. 我认为是Jack。2. Its all up to you. 一切有你决定。 3. I like it here. 我喜欢这里。4. Idont feel like it. 我不想。 feel like 摸起来像、想要it 可当假主词：代替事件1. Its difficult to learn Spanish. 学习西班牙文很难。2. Its important that you should tell the truth. 你说实话是很重要的。3. Its no use telling him about it. 告诉他这个也是没有用的。 we you

21、 they的特别的用法1. We had a heavy rain yesderday. 昨天下了一场大雨。 We是所在的地点。 dont see many chinese there. 在那里看不到很多中国人。3. They speak English in Canada. 加拿大人说英文。所有代名词的用法：=所有格+名词1. Your house is bigger than (my house). 把它省略 用mine Your house is bigger than mine. mine 是所有代名词2. My bicycles are here and his(his bicycl

22、es省略) are there. 伴随双重所有格：冠词、所有格、指示形容词、不定形容词不可同时放在名词前3. I met one of my old friends on the way home .回家的路上遇见了我的一位老朋友。 I met an old friend of mine on the way home .名词的所有代名词-所有格My dog is black and Jasans is white. 我的狗是黑色的，Jasans 是白的。反身代名词：自己第一、二人称的所有格self 第三人称的受格self selfish 自私的 selves selves myself hi

23、mselfourselves herself yourself itselfyourselves theirselves 反身代名词的用法：主词受词对象相同的时候。1. You always talk to yourself. 你总是自言自语。2. The little girl hurt（过去式）herself, 这个小女孩受伤了。3. He can do it by himself. 他自己可以做这个事。He himself can do it. 表示强调的 4. I saw the singer himself. 我看到了这个歌手本人了。指示代名词：表示人或事物的代名词，this the

24、se /that those 离说话者距离近用this/these 距离远的用that/those 1. This is my mask and that is marys. 这是我的口罩而那是玛丽的。2. Who is this?（电话用语）谁啊？ Who was that on the telephone？ 刚才打电话的是谁啊？3. Things are easier these days. 这些天事情顺利多了。 These day 最近代替用法：代替已经叙述过的字。 代替 单数名词用that，代替复数名词用those。1. The weather in Taipei is cooler

25、than that in gaoxiong. the weather 省略that代替2. Her interests are different from those of her childhood.她的兴趣和她的童年的兴趣不一样。The interests 省略，用those 代替So：作为动词的受词，或补语 指前面出现的字或句子。1. Will it be fine tomorrow? 明天的天气好吗？ I hope so.我希望会好。I hope that it will be fine tomorrow.2. Do you still sick? If so,you must se

26、e the doctor.如果你还是觉得不好的话，你一定要去看医生。3. Nancy can play the violin and so can I. 纳西会拉小提琴。 我也会。 So can I. 我也会 也可以用 I can too. 4. She is smart,so she is. 她很聪明,她的确如此。 She is smart, so is he. 她很聪明，他也是。Such：有那样的事物之意，可当代名词，形容词，可用于单，复数。1. They will plant flowers such as ross ,sunflowers . plant flowers 种花 不能吃的

27、2. I dont know such a man . 我不认识那样的人。 Such a / an 形容词名词3. Have you tasted any such food before? 你以前尝过像那样的食物吗？ Have -tasted 过去分词是现在完成时。表示经验Such 前可以接 All other anther any few every no 等 Same 一般前都加the 表示相同的物或事 1. Can I have a cup of coffee please .请给我来一杯咖啡。 Server 服务员 Given me the same please . 我也要一杯咖啡

28、 the same 必须要the 有限定的和前面的人要的一样咖啡。2. He uses the same typewriter as I do. 他使用和我相同的打字机 do 是使用的意思 The same -as 相同的3. 不定代名词-不特定的人或物或者非一定数量的代名词例如1. Some of the boys like English . 那些男孩中有些喜欢英文。 Of中文的Some 是代名词 some 是主词 例如2. Some boys like English. 有些男孩喜欢英文。 some 是形同词One / ones Onea/ am ones - 指不特定的人或物复数 例如

29、1. I have a lost my watch and I have to by one . one 指前面的物a watch 我丢了我的手表我要买一块。例如2. I like small cars better than large ones。我喜欢小车胜过大车。 .ones指前面的物cars better than是胜过的意思Onea/am 单数名词 It the 单数名词例如1. Here are some apples , take one . 这里有一些苹果拿一个。例如2. I bought a good camera, Ill lend it to you. 我买了一个好相机，

30、我会把它借给你。 It 是指新的相机。The camera.Both/ all Both 两者都-用于两个人或两个事物All 全部所有的-指数量为3或3以上的人或事物也可代表不可数名词。位置 be 或助动词之后/ 一般动词之前。定冠词the 所有格 数词 形容词之前。例如1. both of her children went to New York. 她的两个孩子都去过纽约。如果把both 改成 two 的话 也就是她的孩子当中的两个孩子的意思。 Two of her children want to New York . 她的两个孩子去了纽约。例如2. Ive read both these papers 我读了这两份报纸了。例如3. All of my