C4 Environment.docx

1、C4 EnvironmentCHAPTER 4 ENVIRONMENT 生态，自然，环保_编者提示: 自然和生态是阅读的一大考点其中自然灾害有曾为高口听力所青睐，而众所周知环保话题已毫无疑问的成为中高口的最热门考点之一本章对此方面的一些较专业的难词进行了详析和举例SECTION I: 英译中 Aa killing frost 严寒abrasion n. 侵蚀；磨损acid rain n.酸雨详析Acid rain is an air pollution produced when acid chemicals are incorporated into rain, snow, fog or m

2、ist. The acid in acid rain comes from sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides, products of burning coal and other fuels and from certain industrial processes. acidification n.土地酸化 afforestation n. 绿化造林 agricultural ecology 农业生态学air emission standards 空气排放标准air pollution 空气污染air pollution emission 空气污染排放(物

3、)algae n. 藻类，海藻alternative fuels -替代燃料详析 Alternative fuels include compressed natural gas, alcohols, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and electricity.altitude n. 海拔ample rainfall n. 充足的雨量annual temperature range 年气温幅度anomalies n. 反常（现象）aquatic life 水生植物arid adj. 干旱的artificial rain n.人工降雨ash n. 灰烬atmos

4、phere (The) n. 大气层Autumnal Equinox (fall equinox) 秋分（9月22日左右）扩展 Vernal Equinox (spring equinox) 春分（3月21日左右）Bbiosphere n. 生物圈详析The terrestrial biosphere includes the living biota (plants and animals) and the litter and soil organic matter on land, and the marine biosphere includes the biota and detri

5、tus in the oceans. biota n. 生态生物区详析Biota means the animal and plant (fauna and flora) life of a given area. barrier effect of mountains 山的阻隔效应、栅栏效应beachgoer n. 海滩游客biomes n. 生物群系black hole n. 黑洞 详析Black hole is a place where the gravity is so strong that light cant even escape from it. how would you

6、 know where to look for it? it can also be interpreted as gateways to an alternative universe.Ccanopy n. 树冠, 华盖car exhaust n.汽车尾气carbon dioxide (CO2) n. 二氧化碳 carbon monoxide (CO) n. 一氧化碳Clean Air Act n. 清洁空气法案详析The 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments are the most far-reaching revisions of the 1970 law. In

7、 this summary, we refer to the 1990 amendments as the 1990 Clean Air Act. clean energy n. 清洁能源 clean fuels n. 清洁燃料详析Low-pollution fuels that can replace ordinary gasolineclimate n. 气候climatic anomaly 气候异常climatic zones 气候带glossary 扩展Temperate 温带（气候） the cool temperate zone 寒温带the warm temperate zone

8、 暖温带Tropical 热带（气候）Subtropical 亚热带（气候）Tundra 苔原（气候）Equatorial 赤道（气候）Arid 干旱（气候）Mediterranean 地中海式（气候）Polar (arctic) 极地（气候）Mountains 高山（气候）Plateau 高原 （气候）Maritime 海洋性 （气候）Continental climate 大陆气候clint n. 石芽coastline n.海岸线combustion n. 燃烧comet n.彗星confluence n. 汇流（处） 详析A confluence is where a river jo

9、ins another river. contamination n. 污染continental plate 大陆板块continental shelves 大陆架contingency n. 偶发事件convection n对流corrasion n. 侵蚀cost-effective adj. 成本效益好的，合算的cumulonimbus clouds n. 积雨云Ddaily maximum temperatures n. 日最高气温daily minimum temperatures n. 日最低气温death toll n. 死亡人数 debris flow 泥石流 decompo

10、sition n. 分解，腐烂deep water n. 深冷水区deforestation n.森林开伐例子Efforts have been made to stop deforestation -the removal of forest stands by cutting and burning to provide land for agricultural purposes, residential or industrial building sites, roads, etc. or by harvesting the trees for building materials

11、or fuel. desertification n.（土壤）沙漠化，荒漠化例子Overgrazing of rangelands, large-scale cutting of forests and woodlands, drought, and burning of extensive areas all serve to destroy or degrade the land cover and cause desertification. domestic sewage n. 生活污水 drought n. 旱灾dust storm n. 沙尘暴 Eearthquake n. 地震e

12、arthquake magnitude 震级 eco-agriculture 生态农业 ecological impact 生态影响ecosystem n. 生态系统 详析An ecosystem is defined as place having unique physical features, encompassing air, water, and land, and habitats supporting plant and animal life.eco-technology 生态技术 eddy n. / v. 旋涡, 起旋涡El Nino Southern Oscillatio

13、n (ENSO) (气候学)厄尔尼诺南徊现象详析厄尔尼诺是西班牙语El Nino的音译。厄尔尼诺洋流南美洲西海岸海洋表面的一支暖洋流，那时海底不再有冷的、丰富营养的海水,能引起鲸鱼和鱼类的死亡并且影响大部分太平洋地区的气候。在南美厄瓜多尔和秘鲁沿岸，海水每年都会出现季节性增暖现象，因为这种现象发生在圣诞节前后，则被当地渔民称为厄尔尼诺-即圣婴（上帝之子）的意思。现在厄尔尼诺一词已被气象和海洋学家用来专门指发生在赤道太平洋东部和中部海水大范围持续异常增暖的现象（在海洋气象学中规定，该海域海水表层温度高出气候平均值0.5以上，且持续时间超过6个月以上时定为厄尔尼诺出现）。 The term El

14、Nino means Christ Child and was first used by Peruvian fishermen in the late 1800s to describe the warm current appearing off the western coast of Peru around Christmas time. El Nino, and its sister event La Nina are the extreme phases of the southern oscillation, with El Nino referring to a warming

15、 of the eastern tropical Pacific, and La Nina a cooling.又见L 词条中La Nina phenomenon 拉尼娜现象emission n. 排气 （如汽车废气等）；排放物environment n. 环境详析Environment refers to the sum of all external conditions affecting the life, development, and survival of an organism. Environment Abstracts 环境文摘简称EAenvironmental audi

16、ting 环境审核environmental awareness 环保意识 environmental benefit 环境效益 environmental degradation 环境恶化 environmental hazards 环境危机environmental lapse rate 气温垂直递减率 (如由山地地形引起)environmental management 环境管理environmental threats 环境威胁environmentalist n. 环境保护主义者epicenter n. 震中Equator n. 赤道equatorial zone 道地区existi

17、ng environmental regulations 现有环境规范条例extinct species 灭绝的物种Ffjord n. 峡湾firn n. 积雪；万年雪；冰原详析Material that is transitional between snow and glacier ice. It is formed from snow after passing through one summer melt season and becomes glacier ice after its permeability to liquid water falls to zero. flood

18、 n. 洪水；洪灾food chain 食物链详析A sequence of organisms, each of which uses the next lower member of the sequence as a food source. forest coverage rate 森林覆盖率 forestation n. 造林 fossil fuel 矿物燃料如石油、煤、天然气等，由古代生物衍生而成详析Any hydrocarbon deposit that can be burned for heat or power, such as petroleum, coal, and n

19、atural gas. freshwater pollution 淡水污染fungi (plural form of fungus) n. 真菌 (包括酵母、霉菌、担子菌和蘑菇等)详析Molds, mildews, yeasts, mushrooms, and puffballs, a group of organisms that lack chlorophyll and therefore are not photosynthetic. glossary 扩展molds n. 霉菌bacteria n. 细菌viruses n. 病毒Ggalaxy n. 星系, 银河详析1. A gala

20、xy refers to a system of about 100 billion stars.2. The Milky Way 银河系genera n. (生物学)属, 类geothermal energy n. 地热能glacier n. 冰河global warming 全球变暖例句Worldwide temperatures have been rising which suggests a global warming. 全世界温度上升,说明全球正在变暖.GMT (Greenwich Mean Time) 格林威治平时gorge n. 山峡例句 Geological early-w

21、arning system has been set up in three gorges. 在三峡建了地质预警系统grain for green 退耕还林(还草) grassland n 草地，草原greenhouse effect n. 温室效应详析There is concern that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide and methane, may enhance the greenhouse effect and cause global warming. greenh

22、ouse gases n. 温室气体 ground cover n. 地被植物详析 Ground cover refers to plants grown to keep soil from eroding. ground depression n. 面沉降；地面塌陷groundwater n. 地下水详析It means the supply of fresh water found beneath the surface of the Earth (usually in aquifers) that often supplies wells and springs. Hhabitat n.

23、 自然环境，栖息地Hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) 危害性空气污染物详析chemicals that cause serious health and environmental effects. hazardous chemicals 有害化学物质hazardous substance 危险品, 有害物质hazardous waste 危险废弃物haze n. 薄雾，霾headland n. 岬heat island effect 热岛效应 详析Cities form heat islands due to increased carbon dioxide.he

24、rbivore n. 食草动物详析Herbivore is an animal that feeds on plants. Himalayas 喜马拉雅山(脉)hot springs 温泉 扩展 geysers 间歇泉human exposure 人体照射hydrocarbon n. 氮氢化合物，烃hydrology n. 水文地理学Iice age 冰河时期， 冰川代详析Ice Age refers to the latest glacial epoch, the Pleistocene Epoch. ice sheet (continental glacier) (地) 大冰原；冰盾详析D

25、uring the Pleistocene Epoch, ice sheets covered large parts of North America and northern Europe but they are now confined to polar regions (e.g., Greenland and Antarctica). ice shelf (海) 冰架industrial solid wastes工业固体废物 infiltration (soil) n. 渗透详析Infiltration means movement of water from the ground

26、surface into the soil. infrared n. 红外线详析light that is so red humans cannot see itinfrared radiation 红外线辐射详析Abbreviated IR; also called longwave radiation. (简写为IR， 又称长波辐射)insolation n. 暴晒；（医）中暑international energy forum 国际能源论坛international energy foundation 国际能源组织isotherm n.等温线详析A line that joins pla

27、ces with the same temperature. isotope n.化同位素Kkarst n. 喀斯特地形 （由于腐蚀而产生裂隙，落水洞，潜流和洞穴的不规则的石灰岩地区）a karst cave 水蚀石灰洞； 溶洞LLa Nina phenomenon (气候)拉尼娜现象详析拉尼娜：拉尼娜是西班牙语La Nina-小女孩的意思。气象和海洋学家用来专门指发生在赤道太平洋东部和中部海水大范围持续异常变冷的现象（海水表层温度低出气候平均值0.5以上，且持续时间超过6个月以上）。拉尼娜也称反厄尔尼诺现象。厄尔尼诺与拉尼娜现象通常交替出现，对气候的影响大致相反，通过海洋与大气之间的能量交换

28、，改变大气环流而影响气候的变化。从近50年的监测资料看，厄尔尼诺出现频率多于拉尼娜，强度也大于拉尼娜。又见E 词条中El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) (气候学)厄尔尼诺南徊现象land subsidence 地面沉降lapse rate (山区) 气温垂直递减梯度latitudes 纬度longitudes 经度life zone (生) 生物带lava n. 熔岩，火山岩leading-edge research 尖端研究lightning n. 闪电limestone scenery 岩溶景色详析Limestone scenery, or karst,

29、 forms some of the most attractive scenery in Britain.litter v. 乱扔垃圾litter n. （树林里的）枯枝落叶层local topography 当地地形Mmarine pollution n. 海洋污染marsh n.湿地, 沼泽详析Marsh is a type of wetland that does not accumulate appreciable peat deposits and is dominated by herbaceous vegetation. marsh gas；methane n. 沼气 mean annual temperatures n. 年平均气温mean monthly temperatures n. 月平均气温Mediterranean n. /adj. 地中海 (的)melting Snow n. 融雪meteor shower n. 流星雨 micro-climates n. 小气候microorganism n. 微