中国人民大学博士英语入学考试之改错题要点.docx

1、中国人民大学博士英语入学考试之改错题要点人大博士英语入学考试改错题常考点一、代词代词中主要讲解六个问题(一) 掌握代词的几种格主格、宾格、所有格名词前面用代词来修饰，只能用所有格（my books）(二) 反身代词当主语和宾语表示同一事物时，宾语使用反身代词。He killed himself. （他自杀了）He killed him. （他杀了他）例：Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigatingA Ba series of indicators that could helpCthemselves to predict

2、 earthquakes.D分析：D 错，应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看，help 的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C 并没有错，情态动词could 比can 语气弱，表示较小的可能性。Indicator 为征兆，这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆，后面指研究者，不是同一个事物(三) 代词的单复数，代词的性别在考试中如果代词打横线，代词错误的概率是非常高的，因此代词打横线，应该先看代词有没有错。例：The continental divid

3、e refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockiesthat divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into theA B C DPacific.分析：D 错，应改为those。D 指代复数名词waters, it 是单数，显然是错误的，根据习惯故改为those。注意waters 一词并没有错，它指江湖河海中的大片水域，可用复数形式。Water 作为水是不可数名词，waters 表示水域，通常使用复数形式，作主语谓语动词用复数。Wor

4、k 作为工作是不可数名词，work 作为作品，可数不可数都可以，例如：Many of his works= much of his work, work 都表示作品例：In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coinedAthe word“normalcy”to express social andBeconomic conditions they promised the nation.C D分析：D 错，应改为he。动作promised 是由Warren Harding 发出来的，故用第三人称单数he 来指代。例：Many cri

5、tics believe that Amy Lwell s most importantAwork is not poetry, but his biography, JohnB CKeats, published the year of her death.D分析：C 错，应改为her。his 指男性，显然是错误的，应改为her 与后面的her 同指Amy Lowell.(四) Who 和which 的区别which 指代事物或者动物，who 指代人who/whom son 往往要改为whose son, whose 可以指代事物例：The human body contains more

6、than six hundred muscles whoA Baccount for approximately forty percent of the body weight.C D分析：B 错，应改为which 或that。先行词不是指人，而是指物，关系代词不能用who,故改为which 或that。人体前面加定冠词 the, account for 占有多大的比例，解释说明(五) that 和which 的区别介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that 除外例：When television was first introduced, the extent to tha

7、t itA Bwould affect society could not have been foreseen.C D分析：B 错，应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句)，影响社会的程度没有被预见(六) 定语从句的特殊省略Reason 后面有定语从句，中间往往省略why,Time 后面有定语从句，中间往往省略whenI do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world.way 后面有定语从句，中间省略了in which例：Research on pain h

8、as been neglected, although the mainlyA Breason people take medicine is to relieve pain.C D分析：B 错，应改为main。mainly 为副词，不能个饰后面的名词，故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine 修饰reason，定语从句引导词被省略例：Commercial expansion from city to suburb hasaffected the way people in the United States-.(A) living and working(B) t

9、hey live and work(C) live and work(D) to live and to work分析：选择C, the way people.影响了人们生活和工作的方式。二、介词介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分，而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题，我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题，在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配，这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过，只不过有的时候是正确的选项，有的时候重复考。(一) 介词搭配例：The teeth in the upper jaw function together thoseA B Cin the lower j

10、aw to cut, tear, and grind food.D分析：和一起，应该为together with，C 错例：The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal.A B C D分析：B 错改为be rich in例：The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to theA B Calternation of periods of light and darkness.D分析：C 错，应改为responsible for。形容词responsible 后接名词作宾语时要加介词for

11、。(二) 最重要的两个介词1、介词of 多余或者遗漏例：Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water.A B C D分析：D 错，应改为top of stagnant。on top of 是因定表达法，意为“在上面”。例：Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who hasA Bstarred in stage, television, and film productions onCboth sides the Atlantic Ocean.D分析：D

12、 错，应改为sides of the。 sides 为名词，the Atlantic Ocean 也是名词，中间明显少了一个介词。2、介词by一种情况表示被动，be+过去分词+by另一种表示通过的方式， by doing例：The ceremony of marriage in the United StatesA Bcan be performed from a justice of the peace.C D分析：D 错，应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式，performed 的动作执行者应该由介词by 来引导。例：Along the east coast ,American

13、 Indian womens councilsAcould veto a declaration of war at refusing toB C Dsupply moccasins and field rations.分析：D 错，应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食，表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。例：Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned withAoperations on sets of numbers or other elementsB Cthat a

14、re often represented at symbols.D分析：D 错，应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by 来引导。三、谓语动词(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致、主谓分割原则例1：To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle,AAmericas national bird, symbolize strength and freedom.B C D分析：C 错，应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开，主语the bald eagle 为单数，谓语动词也应该用单数形式。、与后者一致原则notbut, 强调but 后面的名词

15、，not onlybut also、与前者一致原则名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词，谓语用is,中心词在前面，谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致例：The athlete, together with his coach andA B Cseveral relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games.D分析：D 错，与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致，改为is、就近原则or, eitheror, neithernor,单数名词+or+复数名词+are如果把句子变为一般疑问句，也就是

16、把be 动词提到前面，那么变为is所以注意一点： 如果是陈述句，靠后面近，用复数如果是疑问句，靠前面近，用单数例：The structure or behavior of many protozoans areA Bamazingly complex for single-celled animals.C D分析：A 错，应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断，主语应该为复数，or 连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致，behavior 是用单数形式，因此只有改为并列连词and 才能使主谓在数上保持一致。定语从句主语就近原则There are five apples that are red

17、.apples 是复数，因此从句谓语动词是复数。例：A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rocketsAcarry a supply that last just a few seconds.B C D分析：D 错，应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply 为单数，其谓语动词应为单数形式。the +形容词主谓一致The rich are not always happier than the poor.The rich 表示一类人，应该用复数、倒装句的主谓一致改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况：a. there be 句型there

18、be+名词+名词，那么最近的名词决定其形式b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词，名词其实是主语，所以be 和名词保持一致例：There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate.A B C D分析：there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式，society 当然用单数，A 错，there are 改为thereis例：Between the foothills of the Andes and the PacificA BOcean are a dry coastal strip averag

19、ing about 30Cmiles in width.D分析：倒装句，are 改为is例：Among the favorite attractions at the National Air andA B CSpace Museum in Washington D.C. are the filmDpresented on the five-story-tall screen.分析：D 错，应改为films , 主语实际上是名词，应该与谓语动词保持一致。、百分比结构的主谓一致fifty percent of + 名词one percent of + 名词谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系，主要

20、取决于后面的名词，比如：one percent of my students + arefifty percent of my time is spent on working.这里要强调两个结构half of =fifty percentmost of + 可数名词 + aremost of + 不可数名词+ is例：Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has beenA B Cfound in central and eastern Canada.D分析：C 错，应改为have been。介词of 的宾语为复数名词短语，作主语的中心词half

21、 当然表复数，相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。例：Approximately fifty percent of the package utilizedA Bin the United States are for foods and beverages.C D分析：A 错，应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品，beverage 用复数表示不同种类的饮料，故（C）、（D）均没有错。(二) 谓语动词的时态、主要考察时间状语例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the

22、 nineteenth century.A B C D分析：Metal, aluminum 同位语，in the nineteenth century 为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态，把has been 改为was、For 和since 的区别区别一：For 后面使用时间段，since 后面使用时间点区别二：Since 只能用在现在完成时态，For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时I has been a teacher for three years.I has been a teacher since 1996.I was a teacher for three years

23、. 这种表达可以，for three years 表示一段时间，was 表示过去做了三年，现在不是老师了例： Since 1921 the budget of the United States becameA Bthe primary responsibility of the president.C D分析：A 错，应改 In. since 一般要求主句用完成时态，而句中谓语动词为过去式，其时间状语应与之呼应，故改Since 为In。例：Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager ofA B Cthe Cleveland Orchestra since

24、 fifteen years.D分析：D 错，应改为for。since 引导时间状语时，主句谓语动词为一般完成时；主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for；而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams.A B C D自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态，live(三) 谓语的语态语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。有四组动词是改错题中常考的：、proveMy advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的尽管是被证明，但习惯上用主动；例：A

25、 majority of the reports received from people claimingAto have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to beB Cmistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked.D分析：D 错，应改为tricks。并列连词 or 在此连接名词，如果把D 理解为并列句，不仅时态不对，语义也有问题，故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be 是正确的。、Locate，Situate这两个词可以用作主动，表示把放置在地方

26、；确定的位置Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置这两个词也可以用作被动My school was located near the river.区分locate 的主动和被动比较难，但是有一个技巧存在：locate 如果用作主动，后面必须跟宾语例：The center of gravity of the human body - behind the hip joint.(A)locates(B)locating(C)to locate(D)is located分析：空格处显然缺谓语动词，故首先排除不能作谓语的B 和C。动词locate 后面没有宾语，所以用作被动,

27、表示“位于”，所以D 为正确选项。、表示需要概念的动词need, want, require 等My watch needed repairingMy watch needed to be repaired.、表示人的情感的动词move, annoy, surprise, please 等He is so moving. 他令人感到感动。He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。主动和被动技巧总结：如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话，前面必然有be 动词例：The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by t

28、heAUnited States Congress in 1933 to construct dams,Bpower structures, and flood-control works alongCthe Tennessee River and its tributary streams.D分析：A 错，应改为has been chartered。由信号词by 可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。四、非谓语动词(一) 分词现在分词和过去分词的区别、用于句首作状语，现在分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动例：Won its war for independence in 1783, the Unit

29、ed States thenAstruggled to establish its own economic and financial system.B C D分析：分词作状语，主要看是主动还是被动，美国赢得应该是主动,所以A 错，改won 为winning、用于名词后面作后置定语，现在分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动例：In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived inA Bthe Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands.C D分析：B 错，生活在什么地方的人

30、，人生活是主动，因此改为living一些动词后面必须用 doing对于加doing 的词来说，考试中一般出现一个，下面这些词都是要加doing 的，请考生牢记。mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate,advocate, suggestdelay, quitforgive(原谅)，tolerate，avoid, escape(逃避)spend+名词+doing;have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing例：Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest theirA B C Dcrops.分析：D 错，应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate 直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语，故将to harvest 改为harvesting。例：Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks,A Bto revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War.C D分析：A 错，advocate 后面直接跟doing,