高考阅读理解主旨大意题解题技巧.docx

1、高考阅读理解主旨大意题解题技巧新课标高考阅读理解主旨大意题解题技巧在高考阅读理解中， 主旨大意题的考查占有十分重要的位置。 掌握所读材料的主旨和大 意也是英语课程标准和考试说明对考生的基本要求之一。只有通过阅读掌握了文章 的主题，才能正确理解文章，进而根据文章的事实细节推测作者的态度和观点。主旨大意题主要是测试考生对一篇文章或一段文字的深层理解程度以及在速读中准确 把握文章主旨大意的能力。 一般针对某一语段或某一语篇的主题标题或目的设题。 这类题目 考查的范围是： 基本论点、文章标题、主题或段落大意等。它要求考生在理解全文的基础上 能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维方法，对文章进行高

2、度概括或总结，属于 高层次题。一、题型特点与命题方式【设题类型】1、概括文章大意；2、选出最佳题目(标题) ；3、概括人物特点。【 设问形式 】1、标题类常见的标题型题干：1)The best title / headline for this passage might be .2)The text (passage) could be entitled .3)What is the best title for the passage?4)Which of the following would be suitable as a title for the passage?2、大意类常见的

3、主题型题干：1)This passage chiefly deals with .2)What s the topic of the article?3)What is the subject discussed in the text?4)With what topic is the passage chiefly concerned?【命题趋势】考查考生对文章的主题、 标题、中心思想的理解程度及辨别主要信息和次要信息的能力。 常见题型为最佳标题( title )或中心思想( main idea )等。主题思想是文章的核心，能否抓 住文章的主题思想， 是考生阅读能力最主要的体现。 高考中阅读

4、理解的测试， 自然也以此作 为检验考生阅读理解能力最重要的标准。 要准确地抓住文章的主题思想， 就要十分留意文章的开头和结尾， 要抓住文中具有概括性的信息， 从上下文连贯的意思来理解全文， 看作者主 要谈的是什么， 透过文字叙述的过程来归纳主题， 再从选择项中找出最符合表达主题思想的 选项。 有些干扰项， 从局部看也许不算错，但从全局看却又片面。 这类干扰项与正确答案之差，其实是局部与全局之差。 考生在做题时不要为局部现象迷惑， 而忽略了文章的整体思想。二、解题思路与应试技巧做这类题时常用略读法。 快速阅读文章找出各个段落的主题句。 把各个段落的主题句联 系起来着眼于全文结构安排， 了解文章的

5、重心， 就能概括出文章的中心。 文章的标题是中心 思想最精炼的表达形式， 选择的标题意义范围要能涵盖全文， 不能太大也不能太小。 命题者 在出这类题时， 常常利用生活常识编造干扰项， 把文中的细节当主旨， 利用局部信息编造干 扰项，编制超出文章范围的标题或不能涵盖文章中心意义的标题来考查考生的理解程度， 考 生要特别留意。下面结合高考试题，谈谈标题类和大意类主旨大意题的解题技巧。1、标题类标题是段落中心思想最精炼的表达形式。 在阅读中不仅要求考生能够通过自己已知的信 息概括出段落的中心思想， 而且还要对概括出的中心思想加以提炼， 拟定出段落的标题。 在 测试中能够迅速而准确地选择标题。文章标题

6、可以是单词， 短语， 也可以是句子。 标题可帮助读者迅速推测出整篇文章的主 要内容，抓住文章讨论的中心，把握作者的观点和意图。它的特点是：短小精悍，多为一短 语；涵盖性强，一般要求能覆盖全文，其确定的范围要恰当，既不能太大，也不能太小；精 确性强，不能随意改变语言表意的程度及色彩。【考例】（2009 全国卷 I，A 篇 ） 59. What can be the best title for the text?A.A Mother s Love B. A Brave ActC. A Deadly River D. A Matter of Life and Death【解析】 A 。整篇文章叙述

7、的是小牛掉到河里，母牛采取一切措施来进行保护小牛， 体现了浓浓的母爱。文章最后一段点题： While I was wondering what I could do next, I heardthe sound of a mother . s love（2009 天津卷， D 篇 ） 55. What would be the best title for the passage?A.Drinking for Better Social RelationshipsB.Experiments of Personality EvaluationC.Develop ing Better Drinki

8、ng HabitsD.Physical Sen sati ons and Emoti ons【解析】D。本文第一段中 “The physical sensation （感觉） of warmth encourages emotional warmth, while a cold drink in hand preve nts you from maki ng un wise decisi ons those are thepractical less on being draw n from recent research by psychologist Joh n A. Bargh. ” 就

9、已点明本文 的主题思想：身体对温度的感觉与情绪有关。（2009 湖北卷，C 篇）62. Which would be the best title for the passage?A.Timex or Rolex? B. My Childhood TimexC. Watches? Not for Me! D. Watches a Valuable Collectio n【解析】C。文章通篇讲述在现代许多移动设备都能报时的前提下，还花费很多钱购买 名表究竟是否合适，因此选择 C “手表？我不要！ ”为标题较为形象生动，也很贴切。 A “天美时还是劳力士” ，B “我的孩童时代的天美时” ，D “

10、手表一一昂贵的选择”都不符合文章主题。2、大意类解答该题型最关键的是找出主题句，把握文章主旨。通常情况下主题句在文中的位置 ：说明文议论文记叙文在开头V （较常见）VV在结尾V （较少见）VV在中间VV中心贯穿全文V （较常见）概括主旨的方法是： 先看首尾或各段开头再看全文找主题句， 若无明显主题句，就通过关键词句来概括（如议论文中寻找表达作者观点态度的词句，记叙文寻找概括情节和中心的 动词或反映人物特点的形容词。 ）。文中出现两种或两种以上的不同观点时，务必牢记作者的观点才是体现全文中心的。 此时，要注意一些转折词， 如but, yet, however, although, in spit

11、eof, by contrast, on the contrary等。当文章中表示相反的观点时，往往用到这些词。答题时要 弄清哪个是作者的观点，排除迷惑性信息，准确归纳主旨大意。（2009 北京卷， D 篇 ） 71. What is the main idea of the passage?A.Music education deserves more attention.B.Music should be of top education priority.C.Music is an effective communication tool.D. Music education makes

12、 students more imaginative.【解析】 A 。文章第一段引出话题： When students and parents are asked to rate subjects according to their importance, the arts are unavoidably at the bottom of the list. Music is nice, people seem to say, but not important. Too often it is viewed as mere entertainment, but certainly not

13、an education priority （优先） . This view is shortsighted. In fact, music education is beneficial and important for all students. 表明人们对音乐不重视，然后作者从不同方面来论证自己的观 点：音乐应该得到人们更多的关注。（2009 湖北卷， E 篇 ） 70. What is the main idea of the passage?A.Our life is governed by the law of time.B.How to organize time is not

14、 worth debating.C.New ways of using time change our society.D.Our time schedule is decided by social customs.【解析】 A 。文章通过论述现代社会人们对工作与休息时间的界限比较模糊，旨在说明 我们的生活受到时间法则的约束， 法律约束着我们对学习、 工作与休息时间的安排， 因此选 择A “我们的生活由时间规律掌控”符合文章主题。 B “怎样安排时间不值得讨论” ，C “利用时间的新方法改变了我们社会” ，D “我们的时间日程由社会习惯决定”都不合文章主题或表达不正确。（2009 山东卷，

15、D 篇） 75. What s the main idea of ttheext?A.Universities have received more applications.B.Economics is attracting an increasing number of studentsC.College students benefit a lot from economic uncertaintyD.Parents are concerned with children s subject selection.【解析】B。通读全文可知，由于全球金融危机的蔓延，不仅选择经济学专业的学生数

16、量增加了， 还有很多非经济学专业的学生也参加经济学方面的讲座， 并且有多达三分之二的引力。（2009 四川卷，E 篇）60. What does the author mainly discuss in the text?A.Tech no logy B. Sustai nabilityC. Etha nol en ergy D. Environmen tal protecti on【解析】B。文章从玉米制造乙醇的行为入手，说这样的“可持续发展”会引起其他方 面的问题，是不实际的。因此文章的话题是 Susta in ability “可持续性发展”。巩固练习：（1）When we talk a

17、bout intelligenee, we do not mean the ability to get good scores in certain kinds of tests or even the ability to do well in school. By intelligenee we mean a way of living and behaving, especially in a new or anxious situation. If we want to test intelligenee, we need to find out how a pers on acts

18、 in stead of how much he knows what to do.For example, when in a new situation, an intelligent person thinks about the situation, not about himself or what might happen to him. He tries to find out all he can, and then he acts immediately and tries to do someth ing about it. He probably isn sure how

19、 it will all work out, but at least he tries. And, if he can make things work out right, he doesn feel ashamed that he fails; he just tries to learn from his mistakes. An intelligent person, even if he is very young, has a special outlook（人生观）on life, special feeling about life, and knows how he fit

20、s into it.If you look at childre n, you see great differe nee betwee n what we call right llchildre nand -not bright llchildren. They are actually two different kinds of people, not just the same kind with different amounts of intelligenee. For example, the bright child really wants to find out more

21、 about life he tries to get in touch with everything around him. But the unintelligent child keeps more to himself and his own dream -world; he seems to have a wall between him and life in gen eral.1.Accord ing to this passage, in tellige nee is the ability .A.to behave immediatelyB.to do well in sc

22、hoolC.to deal with lifeD.to know what to do2.In a new situati on, an in tellige nt pers on A.knows more about what might happe n to himB.is sure of the result he will getC.concen trates on the situati onD.cares more about himself3.According to the passage the biggest differenee between -bright II ch

23、ildren and -not bright IIchildren lies in .A.the amount of intelligenceB.the differe nt situati ons they faceC.the differe nt attitudes to lifeD.the backgro und of life4.What the main idea of the passage?A.What real meaning of intelligence?B.What the -bright II children behavior?C.What a special out

24、look on life?D.How to live and behave in a new situati on?5.In the next part of the passage, the author might continue to talk about .A.how to determine what intelligence isB.how educatio n should be cha ngedC.how to judge whether a pers on is in tellige ntD.how an unin tellige nt pers on should be

25、taught(2)A chemical importa nt of brain developme nt may play a role in expla ining why some people are genetically (由基因决定地 )likely to suffer from anxiety and could lead to new treatments, U.S. researchers said.They said highly an xious rats which were kept had very low levels of a brain chemical ca

26、lled fibroblast growth factor 2 or FGF2, compared with rats that were more relaxed. But whe n they improved the anxious rats living conditions giving them new toys to explore and a bigger cage to live in levels of this brain chemical in creased and they became less an xious.-The levels of this brain

27、 chemical in creased in resp onse to the experie nces that the rats were exposed to. It also decreased their anxiety I.Javier Perez of the University of Michigan said in ateleph one in terview. made them behave the same way as the rats that were relaxed l|he said.In a former study of people who were

28、 severely depressed before they died, the team found the gene that makes FGF2 was producing very low levels of the growth factor, which is known primarily for orga nizing the brain duri ng developme nt and repairi ng it after injury.Perez thinks the brain chemical may be a marker for genetic vulnera

29、bility （脆弱性）to an xiety and depressi on. But it can also resp ond to cha nges in the en viro nment in a positive way, possibly by preservi ng new brain cells.While both the calm and anxious rats produced the same number of new brain cells, these cells were less likely to survive in the high-a nxiety

30、 rats, the team found. Givi ng the rats better livi ng con diti ons or injecti ng them with FGF2 helped improve cell survival.-This discovery may pave the way for n ew, more specific treatme nts for an xiety that will not be based on sedati on（药物镇静）,but will in stead fight the real cause of the dise

31、ase, II Dr. Pier Vincenzo Piazza from France said in a stateme nt.6.We know from the passage that with the levels of FGF2 decreas ing, the rats will .A.die of an xiety soonB.suffer from a headacheC.become more relaxedD.become more an xious7.What the better way to i ncrease the levels of FGF2?A.I ntr

32、oduci ng more compa nions to the an xious rats.B.Improvi ng the livi ng con diti ons of the an xious rats.C.Injecti ng the an xious rats with some special medi cine.D.Giving the an xious rats more time to relax.8.The un derl ined word Ilin Paragraph 4 refers to .A.the team B. the geneC. the growth factor D. the brain9.What the