专题08 非谓语动词解析版.docx

1、专题08 非谓语动词解析版2021高考英语语法【非谓语动词】易错点30题精讲练解析版专题八 非谓语动词易错点集锦一非谓语动词的形式及意义非谓语动词主动语态被动语态意义不定式一般式to doto be done不定式的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生或在其后发生不定式进行式to be doing不定式的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生完成式to have doneto have been done不定式的动作发生在句中谓语动词的动作之前现在分词/动名词一般式doingbeing done其表示的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生，或基本上同时发生完成式having donehaving been

2、done其表示的动作先于句中谓语动词的动作发生过去分词一般式done与句中主语为逻辑上的被动关系，表完成二技巧点拨如何解答非谓语动词题目1. 分析句子结构，辨别 “谓语和非谓语”首先判定所给动词是否充当句子的谓语，如果是，就用谓语形式；如果句子中并不缺谓语，则用非谓语形式。所以在解题过程中，首先必须明白非谓语动词虽然与动词有关，但它们都不是谓语动词。其次，必须培养识别英语句子谓语的能力，因为命题人经常就一些多义词、多性(词性)词，尤其是熟词生义设置题目，增加句式结构的复杂性和干扰性，从而导致考生理解失误，不能正确地划分句子主干，继而造成失分。例1 A study of travelers (c

3、onduct) by the website TripAdvisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in the world.分析conducted本题存在一词多义、一词多性的特征，由于不能找到正确的谓语动词，考生容易误填was conducted或were conducted。因name的常见词性为名词，考生会将题干中的“names”误认为是名词name的复数形式。其实，在本题中，name为谓语动词，意为“选定；指定”，因主语“A study of travelers(一项关于游客的研究)”是第三人称单数，故谓语动词用第三人

4、称单数形式names。找到谓语之后，可轻松推知此处应填非谓语动词，再由“study”与“conduct”之间是被动关系，可知应填过去分词作后置定语。2寻找逻辑主语，确定逻辑主语与所给动词之间的关系非谓语动词虽然不能作谓语，但仍具有动词的特点，其逻辑上的动作执行者就是逻辑主语。分析非谓语动词与其逻辑主语(逻辑上的动作执行者)之间是主动关系还是被动关系(也就是看其逻辑主语是动作的发出者还是承受者)。如果逻辑主语与非谓语动词之间是主谓关系，则用现在分词形式。如果非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间是动宾关系，则用过去分词形式。但是当含有被动意义时，如果非谓语动词表示的动作尚未发生，则用动词不定式的被动式；如果

5、非谓语动词表示的动作正在进行，则用现在分词形式的被动式。例2 The producer comes regularly to collect the cameras (return) to our shop for quality problems.分析returned句意：生产厂商定期来收集因质量问题而被退回到我们商店的相机。句中已有谓语动词comes，因此设空处应为非谓语动词形式；且动词return与其逻辑主语the cameras之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，所以用过去分词作后置定语，故填returned。3分析所给动词表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作发生的先后顺序非谓语动词所发生的时间是一个相

6、对时间，即相对应谓语动词的动作发生的时间而言。非谓语动词的形式不同，所指时间的含义也不同。根据非谓语动词与谓语动词的动作发生的先后顺序确定用一般式还是完成式。如to have done, having done表示该动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前；to be doing, doing表示该动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。例3 (work) for two days, Steve managed to finish his report on schedule.分析Having worked考生容易误认为在句首设题，应填to work表示目的。然而，本题考查的是非谓语动词与谓语动词存在时间先

7、后关系时的用法。并且句中的主语Steve与work之间为主动关系，因此应用现在分词的完成式having done。三非谓语动词作主语和表语的易错点1.不定式作主语时，一般表示具体某一次的动作。若不定式太长，常用it作形式主语而将不定式后置。注意：不定式作表语时：表示预定要发生的动作；当主语是aim, purpose, idea, plan, wish, decision, choice等词时，常用不定式作表语；主语为what引导的名词性从句时，表语多用不定式。No matter how bright a talker you are, there are times when its bett

8、er to remain silent.To get there by bike will take us half an hour.Its our duty to take good care of the old.To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.My chief purpose is to point out the difficulties of the matter.His wish is to be a doctor in the future.What I want to do most in senior

9、high school is (to) improve my English.(如果前面有实义动词do的形式，作表语的不定式常省略to)2. 动名词作主语通常表示抽象的或习惯性的动作。也可用it作形式主语，动名词作真正的主语放在句末。动名词作表语时相当于名词，用于解释主语的内容。常用于动名词作主语的句型：Its a waste of time doing.Its no use/good doing.It is useless doing.There is no doing.Traveling along the old Silk Road is an interesting and rewar

10、ding experience.Of course, enjoying a nice meal with friends, whatever we eat, can impact our spirits.Itisawasteoftimegoing tothe doctorwith most mild complaints.Its no use complaining without taking action.It is no use fishing in this river; there are none left.3.V-ed形式不作主语，作表语时常表示主语的状态。The window

11、is broken.After the long journey, they are exhausted.四非谓语动词作定语时易错点1.不定式作定语.不定式作定语通常放在所修饰词之后，表示将来的动作。.序数词，形容词最高级，the last, the only 等后或被这些词修饰的名词/代词后，常用不定式作定语。.被修饰词是抽象名词时，常用不定式作定语。常见名词：ability, chance, idea, hope, wish, fact, excuse, promise, attempt, way 等。不定式作定语易错点：不定式与其所修饰的词之间往往是动宾关系，若该不定式是不及物动词，其后

12、应有必要的介词。不定式作定语时，当句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语时，不定式使用主动式；当句子的主语不是不定式的逻辑主语且不定式与所修饰的名词或代词之间是被动关系时，不定式使用被动式。The play to be produced next month aims mainly to reflect the local culture.He is always the first to arrive at the school and the last to leave the school.And the best way to strengthen willpower is to make it

13、 into a habit.Suddenly a good idea occurred to her, but she couldnt find any paper to write on.Have you got anything to buy?你有什么东西要买吗？(you是buy的执行者)I was watching the clock all through the meeting, as I had a train to catchI want to go to Beijing. Do you have anything to be bought?我想去北京。你有什么东西要买吗？(yo

14、u不是buy的执行者)2.分词作定语作定语的及物动词的分词形式有：现在分词、“being过去分词”、过去分词。当被修饰的名词与分词之间为主动关系时，用现在分词；当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表示正在进行时，用“being过去分词”；当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表完成时，用过去分词。作定语的不及物动词的分词形式为：现在分词和过去分词。现在分词表示动作正在进行；过去分词只表示动作已完成，不表被动。Tsinghua University, founded in 1911, is home to a great number of outstanding figures.Last nig

15、ht, there were millions of people watching the opening ceremony live on TV.On receiving a phone call from his wife saying she had a fall, Mr. Gordon immediately rushed home from his office.Jim has retired, but he still remembers the happy time spent with his students.The most common error made in ha

16、nging pictures is to hang them too high.Local people invited to attend a meeting are very pleased to share their experiences of hospital services.五非谓语动词作定语的解题思路表示被动、完成用过去分词(done)；表示主动、进行用现在分词(doing)；表示被动、进行用being done；表示主动、尚未进行用to do；表示被动的动作尚未进行用to be done。试比较：Today there are more airplanes carrying

17、 more people than ever before in the skies.The bridge built in 2017 was designed by a local company.The bridge being built now was designed by a local company.The bridge to be built next year was designed by a local company. 六非谓语动词作宾语易错点不定式作宾语The driver failed to see the other car in time.I happen t

18、o know the answer to your question.当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时，常用形式宾语itWe think it quite important for us to learn a foreign language well.He feels it his duty to help the poor.I find it difficult to learn English well.V-ing 形式作宾语Were considering paying a visit to the Science Museum.They only allow smoking in re

19、stricted areas.七非谓语动词作宾语补足语易错点1.不定式作宾补不定式作宾补时，宾语和不定式之间在逻辑上是主谓关系，不定式表将来、主动。If we expect people to give up the habit of driving, we must give them an alternative they can rely on.Father will not allow us to play on the street.2.现在分词作宾补现在分词作宾补时，动词与宾语之间存在主谓关系，且强调正在进行的主动动作。I heard Tom singing an English

20、song in the next room.On the top of the hill,he could see smoke rising from the chimneys.3.过去分词作宾补时，动词与宾语之间存在动宾关系。可接过去分词作宾补的常见动词：感官动词(see, watch, observe, notice, hear, listen, feel), 使役动词(have, make, let, get), find, leave, keep等。When they got there,they found the house burnt down.The waitress aske

21、d the American how he liked his steak cooked.八特定动词后非谓语动词形式易错点1.只接不定式作宾语的动词：决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮decide/determine, learn, want, expect/hope/wish；refuse, manage，care, pretend；offer, promise, choose, plan；agree, ask/beg, helpThe police officers decided to conduct a thorough and comprehensive r

22、eview of the case.Soon the villagers couldnt afford to buy food for themselves.I managed to get all the ironing done this morning.I promise to come for a long visit.2.只接动名词作宾语的动词及短语：consider, suggest/advise, look forward to, excuse/pardon；admit, delay/put off, fancyavoid, miss, keep/keep on, practic

23、e；deny, finish, enjoy/appreciate；forbid/avoid, imagine, risk；cant help(禁不住), mind, allow/permit, escape考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想避免错过继续练，否认完成就欣赏禁止想象才冒险，不禁介意准避免There is no doubt that the event will attract more visitors to enjoy visiting this wonderful city. I always imagine flying like a bird.I avoid working i

24、n places which are too public.3.不定式在特定的动词后作宾补的动词(短语)advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, encourage, expect, forbid, force, intend, invite, order, persuade, prefer, require, remind, tell, want, warn, wish, call on, depend on等。I cant decide which to buy.We dont know how to put it into practice.Mum forbad t

25、hem to play ball in the public garden.Hed managed to persuade Dad to buy a car for him.How could you allow him to do something like that?3. want, need, require作“需要”讲时，后接V-ing形式，主动形式表达被动含义；（若用不定式则用to be done）与此用法相同的动词还有deserve(值得) My car needs washing/to be washed.The house wants painting/to be paint

26、ed.Your hair needs cutting/to be cut.4. 以下词可接不定式，也可接V-ing形式，意义基本相同：prefer, like, love, start, begin, hate, intend等I prefer going to the cinema tonight.I prefer to go to the cinema tonight.I intend to rewrite the story for younger children.I intend rewriting the story for younger children.6.接“疑问词动词不定

27、式”作宾语。在动词learn, decide, know, wonder, show, teach, tell, understand, explain, advise, find out等词后作宾语。Please show us how to do that.I cant decide what to buy.We dont know how to put it into practice.7.接不定式与动名词作宾语意义不同的动词try to do 尽力做try doing 试着去做mean to do打算做mean doing 意味着regret to do遗憾要去做regret doin

28、g后悔做过remember to do 记得去做remember doing记得做过forget to do忘记去做forget doing 忘记做了cant help(to) do 不能帮忙做某事cant help doing 禁不住做某事Life isnt a match. Its a journey. If you spend that journey always trying to impress others, youre wasting your life.I tried reading the text without consulting my dictionary.I di

29、dnt mean to bother you.What he said means going there by air.Dont forget to turn off the lights before leaving your classroom.I still remember being taken to the Famen Temple and what I saw there.I remembered to lock the door before I left the office, but forgot to turn off the lights.Im very busy n

30、ow,so I cant help (to)clean the room.The girl couldnt help crying when she saw her mother again.8.V-ing形式还可以充当介词的宾语动词作介词的宾语时，要用动名词形式，不能用动词不定式。由“动词介词”构成的短语，其后跟动名词作宾语，常见的有：be/get used to (习惯于) feel like (想要)insist on (坚持) object to (反对)get down to (开始认真做某事)devote.to.(致力于) stick to (坚持) give up (放弃)等此外

31、，have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth.；have fun (in) doing sth.等句型中也用动名词作宾语。Dont forget to turn off the lights before leaving your classroom.He entered the chemistry lab without being permitted.The author begins his account of the tour in the forest mainly by describing various sounds.Juststop talkingandgetdowntoworking.Manylocalpeopleobjecttothebuildingof thenew airport.Do youfe