全部高中生物知识点总结.docx

1、全部高中生物知识点总结全部高中生物知识点总结（Summary of all high school biology knowledge points）All high school biology summary of knowledge points,.Txt always believe that there are many reasons for love in this world, but there is only one reason for separation - love is not enough. There are four books in life: healt

2、h, affection, career and money. If the health disappears, other passbook will expire. List of biological knowledge in high schoolIntroductionThe basic characteristics of a living organism; having a common physical and structural basisMetabolismIrritabilityGrowth, development, reproductionHeredity an

3、d variationOrganisms can adapt to a certain environment and affect the environment. The basic components of living organisms are proteins and nucleic acids.Proteins are the primary bearers of life.Nucleic acids are carriers of genetic information.Cells are the basic units of the structure and functi

4、on of organisms.Metabolism is the general term for all ordered chemical changes in living matter.Metabolism is the basis of the organism for all life activities.Three stages of biological development:Descriptive biology, experimental biology, and molecular biology, the cellular theory, lay the found

5、ation for the study of the structure, physiology, reproduction, and development of organisms;The origin of species plays an important role in promoting the development of modern biology;Mendel; DNA double helix structure;Bioscience development, biotechnology, medicine, agriculture, energy developmen

6、t and environmental vaccine manufacturing - Core: genetic engineeringInsect resistant cotton; oil grass; super bacteriaMaterial base of lifeBiological activities of life have a common material baseChemical elements vary greatly in different organisms and in various chemical elements.Classification:

7、a large number of elements, trace elementsCompounds are the material basis for biological activities.Chemical elements can affect the biological activities of life.The biological and non biological communities are unity and diversityCompounds, water, inorganic salts, sugars, lipids, proteins, nuclei

8、c acids.Water - free water and combined waterIons of inorganic salts play an important role in the maintenance of biological activities.Sugars - monosaccharides, two sugars, polysaccharides.Lipids - fats, lipids, sterolsFree water is a good solvent in the cell that delivers nutrients to each cell.Ma

9、intain cell osmotic pressure and acid-base balance, cell morphology and function.Carbohydrate is an important component of the organism, and is also the main energy source of the cell.Fats are substances that store energy in the body, reduce body heat loss, maintain body temperature, reduce visceral

10、 friction, and buffer outside pressure.Phospholipids constitute an important component of the cell membrane.Sterols - cholesterol, vitamin D, and sex hormones; maintain normal metabolism and reproductive processes.Proteins and nucleic acids, proteins and nucleic acids are high molecular substances.P

11、rotein is an important organic compound in cells, and all activities of life are inseparable from protein.Nucleic acid is the carrier of genetic information.Protein structure: the type, number, arrangement, and spatial structure of amino acids.Protein function: catalysis, transportation, regulation,

12、 immunity, identificationChromosomes are the chief carriers of genetic material.The basic unit of life - cellsCells are the basic units of the structure and function of organisms.Cellular structure and function classification of cells: eukaryotes, prokaryotesCells have very fine structures and compl

13、ex automatic control functions. Only when the cell is intact can the normal life activities be completed.Cell membrane structure: flow mosaic model phospholipids and proteins.Basic skeleton: phospholipid bilayerThe structure is: protein + polysaccharide.Cell wall: cellulose, pectin function: liquidi

14、ty, selective permeabilityChoice of permeability: free diffusion (benzene) and active transportActive transportation: it can guarantee the living cells to absorb the nutrients they need according to the needs of life activities, and eliminate the wastes and harmful substances produced by metabolism.

15、Is function: protection and lubrication, identificationCytoplasmic matrix - nutrientsThe cytoplasmic matrix is the primary site for the metabolism of living cells.A variety of organelles are the structural basis and unit for completing their functions.Mitochondria are the primary site of aerobic res

16、piration by living cells.Chloroplasts are the site of photosynthesis.Endoplasmic reticulum - smooth surface: synthesis and transport of lipids and sugarsRough surface: processing and synthesis of glycoproteinsribosomeGolgi apparatusThe vacuole plays a regulatory role in the internal environment of t

17、he cell, allowing the cell to maintain a certain osmotic pressure and expansion state.Nuclear structure: nuclear membrane, nucleolus, chromatinThe nuclear membrane is selectively permeable membrane, but not membraneChromatin - DNA+ proteinChromatin and chromosomes are two morphological functions of

18、the same substance in cells and in different periods:Nuclear pore - the channel between which material exchanges between the nuclei of the cytoplasm.The nucleus is the locus where genetic material is stored and replicated, and is the locus of control of cellular genetic characteristics and cellular

19、metabolism.The nucleus plays a decisive role in life.Prokaryotic cells are characterized by the absence of typical nuclei surrounded by nuclear membranes.The cell wall contains no cellulose, but mainly sugars and proteins.There are no complex organelles, but there are scattered ribosomes.Pseudo nake

20、d DNAThe cells are relatively smallCell proliferation: mitosis, mitosis, meiosis. Cell proliferation is the basis for growth, development, reproduction, and inheritance of organisms.MitosisCell cycle mitosis is the major mode of cell division in eukaryotes.Somatic mitosis involves periodicity and ce

21、ll cycleThere are differences between animals and plants in mitosis: different types of cells in the early and late stages of a cell cycle.The biggest feature of interphase: complete DNA molecular replication and protein synthesis.Significance: maintaining the stability of genetic traits.Cell differ

22、entiation is only cell proliferation, and no cell differentiation, organisms can not carry out normal growth and development.Cell differentiation is a persistent change that occurs during the entire life cycle of an organism and reaches its maximum during embryonic times.Cell stability variability i

23、s irreversible.Cell totipotent: highly differentiated plant cells still have the potential to develop into intact plants. The most powerful totipotent cell is the stem cell that has started dividing;The fertilized egg has the highest totipotent nature.Cell carcinogenesis.Cancer causing factors: Phys

24、ics, chemistry, viruses.The transformation of a cancer cell from the inhibition of the oncogene into an activated state, causing the cell to undergo transformation. Characteristics: unlimited proliferation; morphological structure changes; cell membrane changes.Cell senescence is the process of comp

25、lex changes in cellular physiology and biochemistry, which ultimately reflects changes in cell morphology, structure, and function. Characteristics: reduced moisture, decreased metabolism, decreased enzyme activity;Pigment accumulation impedes the exchange of intracellular substances and the transmi

26、ssion of information;The respiratory rate slows down, the volume increases, the chromatin shrinks, the staining deepens, and the material transport function decreases.The third chapter biological metabolismOn the basis of metabolism, organisms can exhibit (growth, development, genetic variation) the

27、 basic features of life. Metabolism is the most basic characteristic of a living organism, and it is the essential difference between living things and nonliving things.Enzymes are a class of living cells that are biologically catalyzed by organic compounds (proteins and nucleic acids) characterized

28、 by efficiency and specificity.Suitable conditions: suitable temperature and PHATP ATP is a direct source of energy needed for metabolism.Pathway of formation: Animal respirationPlants - photosynthesis, respirationFormation: ADP+Pi ATP is very small in cell content, but it changes very rapidly and a

29、lways in dynamic equilibrium.Meaning: in addition to photosynthesis to convert solar energy into chemical energy, and stored sugars and other organic matter production of photosynthesis, and maintain the content of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is relatively stable, but also plays an i

30、mportant role in the evolution of biological. When cyanobacteria appear on the earth, they gradually contain oxygen in the earths atmosphere.Water metabolism; osmotic function; essential condition:With a semipermeable membrane solution with concentration difference on both sides.Protoplasm: the cyto

31、plasm between the cell membrane, the tonoplast, and the two membranes. Transpiration is the driving force of water absorption and mineral element transport.Mineral metabolism, mineral elements are absorbed by the root tip in the form of ions.The uptake of water by plants and the absorption of minera

32、l elements are relatively independent processes. The forms of utilization of mineral elements are N, P and MgCa, FeNutrients are the three basic source of nutrients. They are food.Carbohydrate: the carbohydrate in food is mostly starch.Lipids: most of the fat in food is fat.Proteins: synthesis; amino conversion; deaminationAttention: blood sugar regulation, obesity, diet.Only reasonable choice and collocation of food, forming good eating habits, can maintain hea