孟德尔植物杂交实验论文1865年英文及中译.docx

1、孟德尔植物杂交实验论文1865年英文及中译Mendels Paper in English Experiments in Plant Hybridization (1865)by Gregor MendelRead at the meetings of February 8th, and March 8th, 1865 1 Introductory RemarksExperience of artificial fertilization, such as is effected with ornamental plants in order to obtain new variations

2、in color, has led to the experiments which will here be discussed. The striking regularity with which the same hybrid forms always reappeared whenever fertilization took place between the same species induced further experiments to be undertaken, the object of which was to follow up the developments

3、 of the hybrids in their progeny. To this object numerous careful observers, such as Klreuter, Grtner, Herbert, Lecoq, Wichura and others, have devoted a part of their lives with inexhaustible perseverance. Grtner especially in his work Die Bastarderzeugung im Pflanzenreiche , has recorded very valu

4、able observations; and quite recently Wichura published the results of some profound investigations into the hybrids of the Willow. That, so far, no generally applicable law governing the formation and development of hybrids has been successfully formulated can hardly be wondered at by anyone who is

5、 acquainted with the extent of the task, and can appreciate the difficulties with which experiments of this class have to contend. A final decision can only be arrived at when we shall have before us the results of detailed experiments make on plants belonging to the most diverse orders. Those who s

6、urvey the work done in this department will arrive at the conviction that among all the numerous experiments made, not one has been carried out to such an extent and in such a way as to make it possible to determine the number of different forms under which the offspring of the hybrids appear, or to

7、 arrange these forms with certainty according to their separate generations, or definitely to ascertain their statistical relations. It requires indeed some courage to undertake a labor of such far-reaching extent; this appears, however, to be the only right way by which we can finally reach the sol

8、ution of a question the importance of which cannot be overestimated in connection with the history of the evolution of organic forms. The paper now presented records the results of such a detailed experiment. This experiment was practically confined to a small plant group, and is now, after eight ye

9、ars pursuit, concluded in all essentials. Whether the plan upon which the separate experiments were conducted and carried out was the best suited to attain the desired end is left to the friendly decision of the reader. 2 Selection of the Experimental PlantsThe value and utility of any experiment ar

10、e determined by the fitness of the material to the purpose for which it is used, and thus in the case before us it cannot be immaterial what plants are subjected to experiment and in what manner such experiment is conducted. The selection of the plant group which shall serve for experiments of this

11、kind must be made with all possible care if it be desired to avoid from the outset every risk of questionable results. The experimental plants must necessarily: 1.Possess constant differentiating characteristics. 2.The hybrids of such plants must, during the flowering period, be protected from the i

12、nfluence of all foreign pollen, or be easily capable of such protection.The hybrids and their offspring should suffer no marked disturbance in their fertility in the successive generations. Accidental impregnation by foreign pollen, if it occurred during the experiments and were not recognized, woul

13、d lead to entirely erroneous conclusions. Reduced fertility or entire sterility of certain forms, such as occurs in the offspring of many hybrids, would render the experiments very difficult or entirely frustrate them. In order to discover the relations in which the hybrid forms stand towards each o

14、ther and also towards their progenitors it appears to be necessary that all member of the series developed in each successive generations should be, without exception, subjected to observation. At the very outset special attention was devoted to the Leguminosae on account of their peculiar floral st

15、ructure. Experiments which were made with several members of this family led to the result that the genus Pisum was found to possess the necessary qualifications. Some thoroughly distinct forms of this genus possess characters which are constant, and easily and certainly recognizable, and when their

16、 hybrids are mutually crossed they yield perfectly fertile progeny. Furthermore, a disturbance through foreign pollen cannot easily occur, since the fertilizing organs are closely packed inside the keel and the anthers burst within the bud, so that the stigma becomes covered with pollen even before

17、the flower opens. This circumstance is especially important. As additional advantages worth mentioning, there may be cited the easy culture of these plants in the open ground and in pots, and also their relatively short period of growth. Artificial fertilization is certainly a somewhat elaborate pro

18、cess, but nearly always succeeds. For this purpose the bud is opened before it is perfectly developed, the keel is removed, and each stamen carefully extracted by means of forceps, after which the stigma can at once be dusted over with the foreign pollen. In all, 34 more or less distinct varieties o

19、f Peas were obtained from several seedsmen and subjected to a two years trial. In the case of one variety there were noticed, among a larger number of plants all alike, a few forms which were markedly different. These, however, did not vary in the following year, and agreed entirely with another var

20、iety obtained from the same seedsman; the seeds were therefore doubtless merely accidentally mixed. All the other varieties yielded perfectly constant and similar offspring; at any rate, no essential difference was observed during two trial years. For fertilization 22 of these were selected and cult

21、ivated during the whole period of the experiments. They remained constant without any exception. Their systematic classification is difficult and uncertain. If we adopt the strictest definition of a species, according to which only those individuals belong to a species which under precisely the same

22、 circumstances display precisely similar characters, no two of these varieties could be referred to one species. According to the opinion of experts, however, the majority belong to the species Pisum sativum; while the rest are regarded and classed, some as sub-species of P. sativum, and some as ind

23、ependent species, such as P. quadratum, P. saccharatum, and P. umbellatum. The positions, however, which may be assigned to them in a classificatory system are quite immaterial for the purposes of the experiments in question. It has so far been found to be just as impossible to draw a sharp line bet

24、ween the hybrids of species and varieties as between species and varieties themselves. 3 Division and Arrangement of the ExperimentsIf two plants which differ constantly in one or several characters be crossed, numerous experiments have demonstrated that the common characters are transmitted unchang

25、ed to the hybrids and their progeny; but each pair of differentiating characters, on the other hand, unite in the hybrid to form a new character, which in the progeny of the hybrid is usually variable. The object of the experiment was to observe these variations in the case of each pair of different

26、iating characters, and to deduce the law according to which they appear in successive generations. The experiment resolves itself therefore into just as many separate experiments are there are constantly differentiating characters presented in the experimental plants. The various forms of Peas selec

27、ted for crossing showed differences in length and color of the stem; in the size and form of the leaves; in the position, color, size of the flowers; in the length of the flower stalk; in the color, form, and size of the pods; in the form and size of the seeds; and in the color of the seed-coats and

28、 of the albumen cotyledons. Some of the characters noted do not permit of a sharp and certain separation, since the difference is of a more or less nature, which is often difficult to define. Such characters could not be utilized for the separate experiments; these could only be applied to character

29、s which stand out clearly and definitely in the plants. Lastly, the result must show whether they, in their entirety, observe a regular behavior in their hybrid unions, and whether from these facts any conclusion can be reached regarding those characters which possess a subordinate significance in t

30、he type. The characters which were selected for experiment relate: 1.To the difference in the form of the ripe seeds. These are either round or roundish, the depressions, if any, occur on the surface, being always only shallow; or they are irregularly angular and deeply wrinkled (P. quadratum). 2.To

31、 the difference in the color of the seed albumen (endosperm). The albumen of the ripe seeds is either pale yellow, bright yellow and orange colored, or it possesses a more or less intense green tint. This difference of color is easily seen in the seeds as their coats are transparent. 3.To the differ

32、ence in the color of the seed-coat. This is either white, with which character white flowers are constantly correlated; or it is gray, gray-brown, leather-brown, with or without violet spotting, in which case the color of the standards is violet, that of the wings purple, and the stem in the axils o

33、f the leaves is of a reddish tint. The gray seed-coats become dark brown in boiling water. 4.To the difference in the form of the ripe pods. These are either simply inflated, not contracted in places; or they are deeply constricted between the seeds and more or less wrinkled (P. saccharatum). 5.To the difference