美国文学史考试复习资料全.docx

1、美国文学史考试复习资料全1美国文学史复习（colonialism)第一部分殖民主义时期的文学一、时期综述1、清教徒采用的文学体裁：a、narratives日记b、journals游记2、清教徒在美国的写作内容：1）theirvoyagetothenewland2)Adaptingthemselvestounfamiliarclimatesandcrops3)AboutdealingwithIndians4)Guidetothenewland,endlessbounty,invitationtoboldspirit3、清教徒的思想：1）puritanwanttomakeuppuretheirre

2、ligiousbeliefsandpractices 2)WishtorestoresimplicitytochurchandtheauthorityoftheBibletothetheology.3lookuponthemselvesaschosenpeople,anditfollowlogicallythatanyonewhochallengedtheirwayoflifeisopposingGodswillandisnottobeaccepted. 4）puritanoppositiontopleasureandtheartssometimeshasbeenexaggerated.步5）

3、religiousteachingtendedtoemphasizetheimageofawrathfulGod.。4、典型的清教徒：JohnCotton&RogerWilliam他们的不同：JohnCottonwasmuchmoreconcernedwithauthoritythanwithdemocracy;WilliambeginsthehistoryofreligioustolerationinAmerica.5、William的宗教观点：Tolerationdidnotstemfromalackofreligiousconvictions.Instead,itsprangfromth

4、eideathatsimplytobevirtuousinconductanddevoutinbeliefdidnotgiveanyonetherighttoforcebeliefonothers.HealsofeltthatnopoliticalorderorchurchsystemcouldidentifyitselfdirectlywithGo6、英国最早移民到美国的诗人：AnneBradstreet7、在殖民时期最好的清教徒诗人：thebestofPuritanpoetsisEdwardTayor.学习指南：1、CouldyougiveadescriptionofAmericanPur

5、itans?关于美国清教徒的描绘LiketheirbrothersbackinEngland,wereidealists,believingthatthechurchshouldberestoredtothepurityofthefirstcenturychurchasestablishedbyJesusChristhimself.Tothemreligionwasamatterofprimaryimportance.Theymadeittheirchiefbusinesstoseethatmanlivedandthoughtandactedinawaywhichtendedtotheglor

6、yofGod.Theyacceptedthedoctrineofpredestination,originalsinandtotaldepravity,andlimitedatonementthroughaspecialinfusionofgracefromGod,allthatJohnCalvin,thegreatFrenchtheologianwholivedinGenevahadpreached Itwasthiskindofreligiousbeliefthattheybroughtwiththemintothewildness.Theretheymeaanttoprovethatwe

7、reGodschosenpeopleenjoyinghisblessingsonthisearthasinHeaven.2，Hardwork,thrift,pietyandsobrietywerethePuritanvaluesthatdominatedmuchoftheearliestAmericanwriting.3、Theworkoftwowriters,AnneBradstreet&EdwardTaylor,rosetothelevelofrealpoetry.4TheearliestsettlersincludedDutch,Swedes,Germans,French,Spaniar

8、dsItalian,andPortuguese.美国文学史复习2（reasoningandrevolution)一、美国的性质：ThewarforIndependenceendedintheformationofaFederativebourgeoisdemocraticrepublic-theUnitedStatesofAmerica.联邦的资产阶级民主共和国-美利坚合众国。二、代表作家：1、BenjaminFranklin本杰明富兰克林1706-17901）PoorRichardsAlmanac穷人查理德的年鉴annualcollectionofproverbs流行谚语Itsoonbeca

9、methemostpopularbookofitskind,largelybecauseofFranklinsshrewdhumor,andfirstspreadhisreputation2)FoundedtheJunto,aclubforinformaldiscussionofscientific,economicandpoliticalideas.3）establishedAmericasfirstcirculatinglibrary,foundedthecollege-UniversityofPennsylvania.4.firstappliedthetermspositiveandne

10、gativetoelectricalcharges.5)AsarepresentativeoftheColonies,hetriedinvaintocounseltheBritishtowardpoliciesthatwouldletAmericagrowandflourishinassociationwithEngland.HeconductedthedifficultynegotiationswithFrancethatbroughtfinancialandmilitarysupportforAmericainthewar. 6）Asanauthorhehadpowerofexpressi

11、on,simplicity,asubtlehumor,sarcastic.7）TheWaytoWealth致富之道TheAutobiography2、ThomasPaine托马斯佩因1737-1809GreatCommonofMankind最平凡的人1）famouspamphletCommonSense著名的政治小册子常识itboldlyadvocatedaDeclarationforIndependence,andbroughttheseparatistagitationtoacrisis.拥护独立宣言，是分裂活动发展成最后危机。2）AmericanCrisis美国危机，signedComm

12、onSense(p31,第一段）TheCaseoftheOfficersofExcise税务员问题；CommonSense常识；AmericanCrisis美国危机；RightsofMan人的权利：DownfallofDespotism专制体制的崩溃；TheAgeofReason理性时代3、ThomasJefferson托马斯杰弗逊1）draftedtheDeclarationofIndependence.起草了独立宣言2）与清教徒不同，主张追求幸福。AllMenarecreatedequal,thattheyareendowedbytheirCreatorwithcertainunalien

13、ableRights,thatamongtheseareLife,LibertyandthePursuitofhappiness.人人生而平等，他们都从“造物主”那边被赋予了某些不可转让的权利，其中包括生命权、自由权和追求幸福的权利。4、PhilipFreneau菲利普费瑞诺poetandpoliticaljournalist诗人和政治方面的新闻记者1）perhapsthemostoutstandingwriterofthepost-revolutionaryperiod.2)hasbeencalledtheFatherofAmericanPoetry美国诗歌之父TheRisingGloryo

14、fAmerica蒸蒸日上的美洲；TheBritishPrisonShip英国囚船；TotheMemoryoftheBraveAmericans纪念美国勇士-同类诗中最佳；TheWildHoneysuckle野生的金银花；TheIndianBuryingGround印第安人殡葬地学习指南：1.TheologydominatedthePuritanphaseofAmericanwriting.Politicswasthenextgreatsujecttocommandtheattentionofthebestminds.2、Freneauwasneoclassicalbytrainingandta

15、steyeromanticinessentialspirit.美国文学史复习3（Romanticisms)一、文学特征：1、Environment:1)shapedbytheirNewWorldenvironment美洲大陆新环境2）arrayofideasinheritedfromtheromantictraditonsofEurope欧洲早期浪漫主义思潮2、美国文学特点：pluralistic多元化manifestationsvaried表现形式多样Individualistic个人主义conflicting矛盾3、Romanticism的特点：frequentlysharedcertai

16、ngeneralcharacteristics,moralenthusiasm,faithinthevalueofindividualismandintuitiveperception,andapresumptionthathenaturalworldwasasourceofcorruption. 4、Transcendentalism超验主义1,asamoralphilosophy,transcendentalismwasneitherlogicalnorsystematized.Itexaltedfeelingoverreason,individualexpressionoverthere

17、straintsoflawandcustom.2)theyspokeforculturalrejuvenationandagainstthematerialismofAmericansociety.3）theybelieveinthetranscendenceofoversoul,anall-pervadingpowerforgoodnessfromwhichallthingscomeandofwhichallthingsareapart.4itcouldexerciseahealthyandrestorativeinfluenceonthehumanmind.“Gobacktonature,

18、sinkyourselfbackintoitsinfluenceandyoullbecomespirituallywholeagain.” 5）代表人物：Emerson爱默生，believedthatmanwasapartofabsolutegood。人性本善Thoreau梭罗，behelddivinityinthe“unspottedinnocence”ofnature.自然才是神圣的“洁白无瑕”5、Literaryforms文学形式：Novels,shortstories,andpoemsreplacedsermonsandmanifestosasAmericasprincipallite

19、raryforms.6、Imaginativeliterature想象类文学7、thewildernesscametofunctionalmostasadramaticcharacterthatillustratedmorallaw.戏剧化特色的野性讽喻了时代的道德准则。8,Thedesireforanescapefromsocietyandareturntonaturebecameapermanentconvention ofAmericanliterature.逃离社会，回到自然成为了美国文学永恒的创作习惯。9、Nationalismstimulatedagreaterliteraryin

20、terestinAmericaslanguage.In1828NoahWebsterpublished“AnAmericanDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage”.Americancharactertypesspeakinglocaldialectsappearedinpoetryandfictionwithincreasingfrequency.受民族主义影响，作家的目光转向了美国本土的语言，具有美国特征的本土方言开始在诗歌和小说中大量涌现。10,Atmidcenturyaculturalreawakeningbroughta“floweringofNewEnglan

21、d.”LedbyHawthorne,Emerson,andThoreau.NewEnglandTranscendentalism,从新英格兰文学到超验主义二、代表作家：1、WashingtonIrving华盛顿.欧文thefirstgreatbelletrist第一个纯文学作家，划线部分为三个主要contributionthefirstgreatprosestylistofAmericanromanticism.美国第一位浪漫主义散文文体作家“SketchBook”见闻札记,thefirstmodernshortstoriesandthefirstgreatAmericanjuvenileli

22、terature.IrvingrestoredthewaningGothicromanceswhichPoesooninfusedwithpsychologicalsubtleties.重振了没落的哥特式浪漫主义小说，随后坡在此基础上，把心理学的一些知识融入了这种体裁。“LegendsoftheConquestofSpain”西班牙征服记AHistoryofNewYork纽约的历史-美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；TheSketchBook见闻札记TheLegendofSleepyHollow睡谷的传说-使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家；BracebridgeHall布雷斯布里奇田庄；Tal

23、ksofTravellers旅客谈；TheAlhambra阿尔罕伯拉2、JamesFenimoreCooper詹姆斯.芬尼莫.库珀contribution:launchedtwokindsofimmenselypopularstoriestheseaadventuretaleandthefrontiersaga开创了两种流传极广的小说体裁，边疆传奇小说和海上传奇小说。“LeatherstockingTales”皮袜子故事集，包括“TheDeerslayer”杀鹿者、“TheLastoftheMohicans”最后的莫希干人、“ThePathfinder”探路人、“ThePioneers”拓荒者

24、、“ThePrairie”大草原,regardas“thenearestapproachyettoanAmericanepic.”被认为是迄今为止美国最接近史诗的作品。thecentralfigureinthenovels,NattyBumppo.小说的中心人物，纳蒂.班波JudgeTemple:manremainsavagewithoutlawandorderTheSpy间谍ThePilot领航者TheLittlepageManuscripts利特佩奇的手稿3、WilliamCullenBryant威廉.卡伦.布莱恩特poet诗人asIrvinghadshownthatAmericanpro

25、sehadconeofage,soBryantdemonstratedtoEuropeanreadersthatAmericanpoetrywasreadytodemandseriousattention.当欧文预示美国散文时代的到来时，布莱恩特向欧洲读者证实了美国的诗歌达到相当高的水平。HewasthefirstAmericantogainthestatureofamajorpoet.第一个获得美国主要诗人称号的作家。“ToaWaterfowl”致水鸟themostperfectbriefpoeminthelanguage.用美国英语写作的最完美的短诗。4、EdgarAllanPoe埃德加.

26、阿伦.坡showhistruetalentsasaneditor,poet,literarycritic.编辑、诗人、文学评论家。GrahamsMagazine格雷厄姆杂志（坡的工作场所）“TheFalloftheHouseofUsher”鄂谢府崩溃记、“TheRaven”乌鸦thetitlepoemofacollection,“TalesoftheGrotesqueandArabesque”述异集firstcollectionofshortstories.第一部短篇小说集。oftenusegrotesqueorfantasticevents.擅长描写哥特式和幻想类的小说。5、RalphWal

27、doEmersion拉尔夫.沃尔多.爱默生beresponsibleforbringingTranscendentalismtoNewEngland,是把超验主义引入新英格兰的先驱。Emersonbelievedaboveallinindividualism个人主义,independenceofmind思想独立,andself-reliance自强.作品：“Nature”论自然、“Essays”随笔录、“TheAmericanScholar”美国学者,ourintellectualDeclarationofIndependence.我们知识分子的独立宣言。hismostimportantworksare“RepresentativeMen”代表and“EnglishTraits”英国人、“Poems”诗集摘自论自然：Standingonthebareground,-myheadbathedbytheblitheair,andupliftedintoinfinitespace,-allmeanegotismvanishes.Ibecomeatransparenteye-ball.人形的约束没有了。6、HenryD