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综合英语四第一单元Word文件下载.docx

1、d never had a college education.(2)Misfortunes never come single.Menace(1)He spoke with menace.(2)A tone of menace entered into the mans voice.Deceptive(1)Her simply style is deceptive: what she has to say is very profound.(2)His appearance was deceptive.Triumph(1)She scored a resounding triumph ove

2、r her rival.(2) The victorious army returned in triumph.Impostor(1) This man was an impostor, who had stolen my throne.(2)This man was an impostor, who had stolen my throne.Go though例:(1)We went through hell while working on this project.(2)You have to go through the platform tunnel.Address(1)Tell m

3、e if you change your address.(2)Whats your address?Flinch(1)The guests were frightened to flinch when the dog was barking at them in front of the fence door.(2)We mustnt flinch from the responsibilities of life.Compliment(1)These beautiful flowers are a compliment to the gardeners skill.(2)I complim

4、ented her on her skillful performance.Stern(1)Police are planning sterner measures to combat crime.(2)We must wage a stern struggle against this phenomenon.Class checkHis answer was so confused that I could hardly make any _ of it at all.A) explanation B) meaning C) sense D) interpretation2.When I g

5、ot out of the car and walked about among them, _ one old man who shook his head disapprovingly, they all began to cheer.A) see that B) except that C) provided that D)except for3. The Brownings have not _ yet and I doubt whether they will come.A) turned in B) turned out C) turned up D) turned to4. Th

6、e _ of AIDS has led to an expansion in research seeking a cure.A) innovation B) selection C) proliferation D) conviction5. Im in no _ now to go to concert with you.A) mood B) intention C) emotion D) sense.Text ExplanationWinston Churchill:温斯顿丘吉尔生于1874年11月30日,1965年1月24日逝世。英国著名政治家,贵族家庭出身,其父伦道夫丘吉尔勋爵曾任财

7、政大臣。他生于牛津郡,毕业于哈罗公学和桑赫斯特军事学院。曾参加英国在印度、苏丹的殖民战争。1899-1902年英布战争期间任晨邮报战地记者。1900年当选下院保守党议员。1904年改入自由党。1906年以自由党候选人资格被选入下院。1906-1908年任殖民部次官。1908年起历任贸易大臣、内政大臣、海军大臣。一次大战中以海军大臣资格参与决策,后因1915年达达尼尔战役失败而辞职。1916年率第六皇家苏格兰毛瑟枪队在法国对德作战,1917年任军需大臣。1919-1921年任陆军和空军大臣。1921-1922年任殖民大臣。1924年重返保守党,再度被选入下院并任财政大臣。二次大战爆发后任海军大臣

8、,1940-1945年任首相,领导战时联合政府。1945年7月任反对党领袖。1951-1955年再次任首相,第一财政大臣兼国防大臣。1955年4月因年迈退休。The ten months that have passed have see ups and downs, misfortunes: ups and downs 是一个三字短语(three word expression),意思是“兴衰、沉浮”。例如:Sitting beside the window, he recalled the ups and downs of his parents.坐在窗户旁,他回忆起父母一生所经历的沉沉浮

9、浮。在英语当中两个近义和相对的词用and 或or连接构成成对的英语短语,它们经常出现在一起,因此它们的位置固定下来,有些同汉语的位置相同,有些同汉语不同,意义上有的和汉语相同,少量的同汉语有些差别。同汉语不同,意义上有的和汉语相同,少量的同汉语有些差别。同汉语位置相同的短语有:aches and pains痛苦;affable and kind和善;ancient and modern古今;arts and science文理;short and sweet少而精;black and white黑白;pros and cons正反;brothers and sisters兄妹;whole an

10、d all全体;heart and soul心灵;crack and roar咆哮;cup and saucer杯子碟子;good or ill好歹(善恶);fair and square公正;far and away远离;far and near远近;wear and tear磨损;first and foremost首先;first and last先后;skin and bone皮包骨;free and easy轻松自在;hale and hearty健壮;poems and essays诗文。同汉语的位置不相同的短语有:back and forth前后;bed and breakfas

11、t食宿;fire and water水火;flesh and blood骨肉;heat and cold冷热;land and water水陆;north and south南北;off and on开关;old and grey苍老;one and only唯一;pen and paper纸和笔;rain or shine阴晴;rich and poor穷富;right and left左右;sword and shield剑与盾;twos and threes三三两两。We had the unmeasured menace of the enemy and their air attac

12、k still beating upon us, and you yourselves had had experience of this attack; and I expect you are beginning to feel impatient that there has been this long lull with nothing particular turning up:本句话可理解为:We suffered uncertain threat from the enemy at any moment and their fighter planes attack us c

13、ontinuously. All of you have undergo this attack, and I think you start to lost your patience for having not a favorable turn has appeared in such a long and dull period.词组turn up 在此意为“出现、到来”,例如:Were hoping a piece of good luck will turn up.我们期待着好运的到来。除此之外,它还有以下含义:“开打(收音机、电视机)的音量”,例如:I cant hear the

14、 radio very clearly, could you turn it up a bit? 我听不大清楚收音机的声音,你把声音开大点行吗?“发现、找到”,例如:She turned up the missing papers under her blotter.她在记事本下找到了丢失的文件。“折叠”,例如:turning up his cuffs卷起自己的袖口;cuffs that will turn up,卷起来的袖口。“意外的发生”,例如:Something turned up and I was unable to go.发生了一点意外,我不能离开。“变得明显”,例如:Her na

15、me constantly turns up in art circles.她的名字经常出现在艺术圈里。But we must learn to be equally good at what is short and sharp and what is long and tough.本句出现了parallel structure(平行结构)。Parallel structure是把两个或两个以上意思并列的成分用同等的语法形式表示出来。平行的结构可以是单词、词组、从句,也可以是句子。在这里归纳一下平行结构的用法:1)连词连接两个对等的词和对等的结构:并列连词and, but, as well

16、as, or, or else, bothand, neithernor, either or , not only but(also) , rather than等以及从属连词than可连接两个对等的词和对等的结构。所连接的谓语形式必须一致。He went downtown, bought some books and visited his daughter.他去城里买书并看望他的女儿。Gunpowder was discovered in the twelfth century, but not used in warfare until two hundred years later.

17、火药发明于12世纪但直到200年前它才被用于战争。所连接的词或短语形式必须一致。I would much rather go to the countryside than stay here.我愿意去乡下也不愿意呆在这里。连接的非谓语动词的形式必须一致。Some find swimming more enjoyable than sitting at home reading.有人觉得游泳比在家看书有趣多了。所连接的句子结构必须一致。The purpose of the research had a more different meaning for them than it did fo

18、r us.研究的目的对他们和我们有着不同的意义。2)某些特定的固定结构。有些词后要用平行结构:prefer sth to sth, prefer doing sth to doing sth, prefer to do sth rather than do sth。I prefer watching TV to listening to music.与听音乐相比,我更喜欢看电视。有些结构中要用平行结构:would/ had rather/ sooner do something than do something, would/ had as soon do something as do s

19、omething(宁可也不)。Liu Hulan said she had rather die than give up.刘胡兰说她宁死也不投降。5.They do not expect to move from crisis to crisis; they do not always expect that each day will bring up some noble chance of war make up their minds that the thing has to be done and the job put through and finished:文中运用了反复(

20、repetition)的修辞手法,强调“they do not”。在此我们简单的将英语修辞进行一个分类:词义修辞格(Lexical Stylistic Devices)包括metaphor(比喻),metonymy(借代),personification(拟人),irony(反语),hyperbole(夸张),understatement(低调),euphemism(委婉语),contrast(对照),oxymoron(矛盾修辞法),transferred epithet(移就),pun(双关),syllepsis(异叙),zeugma(粘连),parody(仿拟),paradox(隽语)结构

21、修辞格(Syntactical Stylistic Devices)包括repetition(反复),catchword repetition(联珠),chiasmus(回文),parallelism(平行结构),antithesis(对照),rhetoric question(设问),anticlimax(突降)音韵修辞格(Phonetic Stylistic Devices)包括alliteration(头韵),onomatopoeia(拟声)。the thing has to be done and the job put through and finished中省略了has to b

22、e成分,完整的句子应该是the thing has to be done and the job has to be put through and finished.Kipling: 吉卜林(Rudyard Kipling,1865-1936)英国小说家、诗人。印度孟买人。父亲曾是孟买艺术学校教师,后任拉合尔艺术学校校长和博物馆馆长。吉卜林6岁时被送回英国受教育,17岁中学毕业返回印度,父亲为他在拉合尔找了份工作,担任拉合尔市军民报副编辑。由于工作关系,他游遍印度对其风土人情以及英国殖民者在印度的生活有相当透彻的了解。1884年9月,吉卜林发表了他的第一个短篇小说百愁门,从此便不断发表诗歌和

23、短篇小说。吉卜林早期较出名的有诗集机关打油诗(1886)、短篇小说集山的故事(1888)和三个士兵(1888)等。这些作品风格清新自然,生动展现了印度的风土人情,曾使当时英国读者耳目一新。他一生共创作8部诗集,4部长篇小说,21部短篇小说集和历史故事集,以及大量散文、随笔、游记等。他的作品简介凝练,充满异国情调,尤其在短篇小说方面,是无与伦比的。马克吐温曾热情洋溢的赞美吉卜林的作品说,“我了解吉卜林的书它们对于我从来不会变得苍白,它们保持着缤纷的色彩;它们永远是新鲜的。”由于吉卜林的“观察的能力、新颖的想象、雄浑的思想和杰出的叙事才能”,于1907年获得诺贝尔文学奖,成为英国第一位获此奖的作家

24、。7.yet without imagination not much can be done:本句出现了双重否定的形式。双重否定句最主要的功能就是通过两个否定词在句子中互相抵消其否定的含义,从而实现“否定+否定=肯定(Negation Plus Negation Means Affirmation)”,加强句子的肯定语气(With Strengthening Effect),这样的双重否定句被称之为肯定型双重否定句。双重否定句结构包括:谓语否定+状语否定。在这种双重否定结构中,谓语否定主要指“never+实义动词”或“操作词+not+实义动词”;状语否定指“介词+名词/动名词”,要么介词否定

25、,要么名词或动名词否定,而介词否定的形式多表现为一个词,即without。She never came without reporting some fresh instance of Wickhams extravagance or irregularity.她每一次来的时候,都会讲些有关威克汉姆豪华奢侈生活的新鲜事。主语否定+状语否定。主语否定指主语常用no-word(比如no+名词、nobody、none、nothing、none等,这些词被称为绝对否定词)来担当,或主语由not来否定。In some countries no major business is carried on w

26、ithout eyes contact,requiring face-to-face conversation?在有些国家,一切公事都要面对面的进行,需要当面交谈。本文的句子就是属于此类。主语否定+谓语否定。Nobody does not believe in him.人人相信他。谓语否定+宾语否定。We cant afford not to believe it(the missile attack).我们不得不相信这(导弹袭击)是真的。主语否定+宾语否定。No one has nothing to contribute to society.人人对社会都有贡献。主语否定+补语否定。补语覆盖

27、面很广,包括名词、介词、形容词、副词、代词、分词以及不定式等等,这些词本身可以是否定形式(比如代词nothing、nobody等),也可以被否定词修饰(比如not+补语),也可指那些含有否定词缀的形式(比如形容词、分词的否定词缀等)。Nothing is nothing at all.没有一件事是微不足道的。否定词+否定意义的动词/名词/形容词/副词。英语中有许多词语虽没有被否定词修饰或不含否定词缀,但它们的意义却完全可能是否定的,这样的词和否定词连用时也会构成双重否定。We dont doubt that he will succeed in carrying out the experim

28、ent.我们相信他会做好这个实验。主句否定+从句否定。前面提到的都是特指简单句中的双重否定句的情况。很明显,英语中主从句的双重否定形式也是普遍存在的。而主从句双重否定的两个否定词分别出现在主句和从句中。主句否定时常借助于一般否定词(即not)或绝对否定词(如no,nothing,nobody,never等);从句否定时同样也可借助于一般否定词,但也可以使用一些含有否定含义的连词,如until,unless等,或是否定含义的准关系代词but。In the neighborhood there is nobody who does not know me.在这儿,我绝对是个名人。8.in noth

29、ing,great or small,large or petty-never give in except to conviction of honor and good sense:本句中great与small,large与petty是两组反义词,强调了作者永不屈服的坚定决心。这也正是运用了antithesis(对照)的修辞手法。antithesis(对照)是指通过并列两组在内涵上迥然不同的词(组),以强调差异、突出矛盾,从而表达一个深层的主旨的修辞手法。如:Whether it is the company of first choice or last resort makes no difference.它究竟是人们的第一选择还是最后的退路,这并不重要。We had a toll-free number, so people werent shy about calling, and many did, from dozens of small towns Ive never heard of and couldnt even find on the stations gigantic wall map.我们有一个免费电话,以方便听众拨打,打来的人很多,许多电话是从我从未听说过、甚至在电台墙上的巨幅地图中

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