1-5：英汉互译实践与技巧PPT文档格式.ppt

1、1.翻译的重要作用2.翻译的性质和范围3.翻译的原则和标准4.直译与意译5.翻译技巧种种,.Important Role of Translation翻译的重要作用,好的译文：Coca Cola可口可乐、Hacker 骇客、club俱乐部、laser 激光不好的译文：laser镭射（名不副实）、menu菜单（容易误导）、nylon尼龙（读写不一）“芳芳”FangfangMokasutu“默殺”,.Nature and Scope of Translation翻译的性质和范围,Definition定义举例:我国最流行的说法：“翻译是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思想内容准确而完整地重新表达出来

2、的语言活动”。美国翻译理论家E.A.Nida：“Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message,first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.所谓翻译，是指从语义到语体（风格）在译语中用最切近而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息。”,英国翻译教育家Peter Newmark：“It is rendering the meaning of

3、 a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text.翻译是按作者的创造意图把一篇文章的意思用另一种语言描述出来的过程。”英国的J.Catford：“翻译是把一种语言的文字材料替换为另一种语言的对等的文字材料。”现代汉语词典：“翻译是把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来。”,.Nature and Scope of Translation翻译的性质和范围,Nature性质：Translation is not a word for word activity1、她现在非常红.*She is

4、very red now.（She is very popular now.）2、你给我站住！*You Give Me Stop!（Stand!）3、蠢蠢欲動。*Stupid stupid want to move.（Be ready to do sth.（bad）4、寒暄*coldly talk for a while（to exchange greetings and make small talk）5、跳伞处*Site of jumping umbrella（paragliding site）6、请爱护花草*Cherishing Flowers and Trees（keep off th

5、e grass.）,.Nature and Scope of Translation翻译的性质和范围,.Nature and Scope of Translation翻译的性质和范围,类别：,.Principles or Criteria of Translation翻译的原则和标准,Principle原则：严复：信，达，雅（faithfulness,expressiveness,elegance）鲁迅：易解、保持原作的风姿林语堂：忠实、通顺、美傅雷：神似说（spiritual conformity）钱钟书：化境说（sublimed adaptation）许渊冲：三美说（意美、音美、形美）泰特

6、勒Tytler：翻译三原则费道罗夫等：等值论（translation equivalence）奈达：读者反应论（dynamic equivalence）,.Principles or Criteria of Translation翻译的原则和标准,Principle原则：严复Yan Fu：the first Chinese who made a penetrating（敏锐的）and relatively systematic study of translation standard in modern times.Evolution and Ethics天演论The Wealth of N

7、ations 国富论,.Principles or Criteria of Translation翻译的原则和标准,Principle原则：信 faithfulness/accuracy 忠实/准确达 expressiveness/smoothness通顺/流畅雅 elegance?译文和原文的关系：faithfulness/accuracy 忠实/准确 original contents original meaning and views original form and style译文和读者的关系：expressiveness/smoothness通顺/流畅 easy,readable

8、 rendering idiomatic expression,.Literal Translation and Free Translation 直译与意译,Process翻译过程：理解 Comprehension：comprehend the source text completely表达 Expression：render the source text into the target language text（a rough translation）校正 Proofreading：proofread the rough translation&polish,.Literal Tra

9、nslation and Free Translation 直译与意译,理解：1.semantic system 语言分析2.context（linguistic and nonlinguistic）语境分析3.background information and specialized knowledge4.Logic 逻辑分析,.Literal Translation and Free Translation 直译与意译,表达：Context Avoid translationese 翻译腔 所谓“翻译腔”是指译文表达不流畅,似通非通,不地道,诘屈聱牙,给人“怪怪的”感觉,简单地说,就是汉

10、译出现“欧化”（Europeanized）现象而英译出现“汉化”（Chinglish）现象例：-照搬词典的释义,望词生义 She then uncrossed her legs.她于是使她的腿不交叉。于是她收起二郎腿。,.Literal Translation and Free Translation 直译与意译,怎样避免：1.具有端正的翻译态度2.正确使用工具书3.了解英汉语主要差别4.掌握必要的翻译技巧5.培养跨文化意识,.Literal Translation and Free Translation 直译与意译,校正：1.对原作理解的错误；2.原作词句或段落的漏译；3.译文中措辞不当之

11、处或错别字；4.译文语句不通顺的地方；5.人名、地名、日期、数字、专有名词等方面的误译；6.译文的格式是否合乎规范；7.译文的标点符号和其他专用符号使用是否正确；8.是否应添加必要的注释，等等。,.Literal Translation and Free Translation 直译与意译,Literal Translation 直译：Not to alter the original words and sentences.To keep the sentiments and style of the original.To reproduce the ideological content

12、 and the style of the original works and retain as much as possible the figures of speech.,.Literal Translation and Free Translation 直译与意译,直译的例子：crocodile tears 鳄鱼的眼泪；armed to the teeth 武装到牙齿；chain reaction 连锁反应；gentlemens agreement 君子协定 one country,two systems 一国两制；The three religions and the nine

13、schools of thought 三教九流；paper tiger 纸老虎；go to ones eternal rest 安息；the long sleep 长眠；see Marx 见马克思；go west 上西天；go to heaven 上天堂；,.Literal Translation and Free Translation 直译与意译,Free Translation 意译：an alternative approach generally used to convey the meaning and spirit of the original without trying

14、to copy its sentence patterns or figures of speech.E.g.：粗枝大叶To be crude and careless（死译：with big branches and large leaves）无孔不入To take advantage of every weakness,poke into every nook and corner（死译：to get into every hole）,.Literal Translation and Free Translation 直译与意译,意译的例子：Adams apple 喉结；at sixes

15、and sevens 乱七八糟 It rains cats and dogs.大雨滂沱.Do you see any green in my eye?你以为我是幼稚可欺的吗？,.Literal Translation and Free Translation 直译与意译,More Examples：1）Little fish does not eat big fish.直译：小鱼吃不了大鱼。意译：胳膊拧不过大腿。2）Theres no pot so ugly it cant find a lid.直译：再丑的罐子也不愁配个盖儿。再丑的姑娘也不愁找不到婆家/丑女不愁嫁。3）What was ha

16、tched a hen must not try to be a rooster!直译：孵出来是母鸡就别想冒充公鸡！生就是个女人就别想冒充男人！,.Literal Translation and Free Translation 直译与意译,直译字对字翻译 word for word translation：直译要近情理，便于读者理解、接受，否则就会变成硬译、死译。How are you?*怎么是你？How old are you?*怎么老是你？He is lying on his back.他卧在他的背上。心花怒放 heart flower angry open to be wild wit

17、h joy;to be elated;to feel exuberantly happy;to burst with joy,.Literal Translation and Free Translation 直译与意译,Difference between word-for-word translation and literal translation：Word-for-word translation:translate word by word without making any adjustment,starchy,stiff,unintelligible（死板、生硬、难理解）un

18、acceptable,unqualified translationLiteral translation:make some necessary adjustment;smooth,clear&natural.Can have almost the same feeling as the SLR.acceptable,good translation,.Literal Translation and Free Translation 直译与意译,Free translation wishful translation（to add or delete the content of the o

19、riginal,or add personal emotion）意译应当注重事实依据，不能无中生有、随意杜撰，否则就会变成胡译、乱译。,.Literal Translation and Free Translation 直译与意译,Relationship between literal translation and free translation：Complementary,instead of contradictoryLiteral translation and free translation may be alternatively used in the process of

20、 translation.,.Literal Translation and Free Translation 直译与意译,1）Dont lock the stable door after the horses has been stolen.Literal translation:不要等马被盗后,才去锁楖门.Free translation:不要贼走关门.2）Smashing a mirror is no way to make an ugly person beautiful,nor it is a way to make social problem evaporate.Literal

21、 translation:砸镜子不能使丑八怪变漂亮,也不能使社会问题烟消云散.Free translation:砸镜子并不能解决实际问题.3）无风不起浪 There are no waves without wind.Theres no smoke without fire.,.Literal Translation and Free Translation 直译与意译,Some sentences can only be translated freely.Our son must go to school.He must break out of the pot that hold us

22、in.Literal translation:我们的儿子一定得进学校，他一定得打破这个把我们关在里面的罐子.Free translation:我们的儿子一定要上学，一定要出人头地.,.Literal Translation and Free Translation 直译与意译,When to use free translation?1.When it is difficult to understand if translated literally;2.When literal translation can not express the deep meaning of the orig

23、inal;3.When idioms can be used.,.Literal Translation and Free Translation 直译与意译,1）Maybe Kino has cut off his own head and destroyed himself.Literal translation:也许Kino会割掉自己的脑袋，把自己毁了.Free translation:也许Kino走了绝路，自己毁了自己.2）Cast pearls before swine.Literal translation:把珍珠扔到猪面前.Free translation:对牛弹琴.3）Barb

24、ara was born with a silver spoon in her mouth.Literal translation:Barbara嘴里叼着银调羹出生的.Free translation:Barbara出生于富贵人家.,.Literal Translation and Free Translation 直译与意译,How to use them properly and proficiently?know source language and target language culture as much as possible and have extensive knowl

25、edge with the problems which the original wrote or talked prehend source language message correctly and thoroughly.practice makes perfect.,.Literal Translation and Free Translation 直译与意译,Domestication 归化/Foreignization 异化vs.Free/Literal TranslationFree/Literal Translation is on the linguistic levelD

26、omestication/Foreignization is more concerned with the cultural level归化使原文作者尽量靠近译文读者，以目的语（target language）文化为中心 习惯认为，当原文与译文之间因文化差异而出现不能通达的情况时，“要用译语文化替代原语文化”即把在译语中找不到对等的外语词汇改头换面，或套用译语中与之相似的现成的表达法，把它们变成读者熟悉的译语文化形象。异化使译文读者尽量靠近原文作者，以源语（source language）文化为中心。读异国文学是为了欣赏异国作品特有的韵味和语言风格，应着力于全面、完整地向译语读者介绍对方的全

27、部意蕴，包括文化,.Literal Translation and Free Translation 直译与意译,Foreignization 异化 All roads lead to Rome:条条大道通罗马 不能译成：殊途同归 To teach ones grandmother to eat eggs:教老祖母吃鸡蛋 不能译成：班门弄斧 班门弄斧：show off ones proficiency with the axe before Lu Ban,the master carpenter.,.Translation Techniques 翻译技巧种种,影响因素：1.Text Types

28、2.Translation Purpose3.Socio-cultural Constraints技巧方法源于翻译实践,第二讲 英汉语言对比研究,一、教学重点：1.英汉语言宏观对比 2.提高三种翻译能力二、教学内容：1.英汉语言宏观对比2.通过比较研究和翻译批评提高实际能力,.英汉语言宏观对比,一、综合语与分析语（Synthetic vs.Analytic）综合型语言，运用词的形态变化来表达语法关系。e.g.German,Old English.分析型语言，不运用词的形态变化而用词序及虚词等手段来表达语法关系。e.g.Chinese现代English：综合-分析型语言，Three major

29、grammatical devices of English:Inflection形态变化,word order词序,and function words虚词,.英汉语言宏观对比,一、综合语与分析语（Synthetic vs.Analytic）1.英语有形态变化，汉语没有严格意义的形态变化 英语：affixation词缀变化（prefix前缀、suffix后缀）,gender性,number数,case格,tense时,aspect体,voice语态,mood语气,degree of comparison比较级,person人称,parts of speech词性汉语：“着”、“了”、“过”、

30、“的”、“地”、“得”之类的助词,.英汉语言宏观对比,一、综合语与分析语（Synthetic vs.Analytic）2.英语词序比较灵活，汉语词序相对固定 英语词序倒置的现象较多（原因在于：形态变化和运用丰富的连接词）。汉语只能按照表意的需要排列词序。,.英汉语言宏观对比,一、综合语与分析语（Synthetic vs.Analytic）2.英语词序比较灵活，汉语词序相对固定 定语的位置A candidate with little chance of success一个当选希望极微的候选人英国是第一个承认中国的西方大国。Britain was the first west power to acknowledge the P.R.C.,.英汉语言宏观对比,一、综合语与分析语（Synthetic vs.Analytic）2.英语词序比较灵活，汉语词序相对固定 状语的位置English：S+V+O+manner+place+timeChinese：S+time+place+manner+P+O 她温柔地点了点头。She nodded in a tender way./tenderly.她每天清晨在室外高