阅读整合.docx

1、阅读整合2003年Text 1Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Internet. The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in the World War II and later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information. Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the “great game” of esp

2、ionage - spying as a “profession.” These days the Net, which has already re-made such everyday pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovans vocation as well.The latest revolution isnt simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemens e-mail. That kind of electronic spying has

3、 been going on for decades. In the past three or four years, the World Wide Web has given birth to a whole industry of point-and-click spying. The spooks call it “open-source intelligence,” and as the Net grows, it is becoming increasingly influential. In 1995 the CIA held a contest to see who could

4、 compile the most data about Burundi. The winner, by a large margin, was a tiny Virginia company called Open Source Solutions, whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world.Among the firms making the biggest splash in this new world is Straitford, Inc., a private intelligence-analysi

5、s firm based in Austin, Texas. Straitford makes money by selling the results of spying (covering nations from Chile to Russia) to corporations like energy-services firm McDermott International. Many of its predictions are available online at .Straitford president George Friedman says he sees the onl

6、ine world as a kind of mutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution, a spymasters dream. Last week his firm was busy vacuuming up data bits from the far corners of the world and predicting a crisis in Ukraine. “As soon as that report runs, well suddenly get 500 new Inte

7、rnet sign-ups from Ukraine,” says Friedman, a former political science professor. “And well hear back from some of them.” Open-source spying does have its risks, of course, since it can be difficult to tell good information from bad. Thats where Straitford earns its keep.Friedman relies on a lean st

8、aff of 20 in Austin. Several of his staff members have military-intelligence backgrounds. He sees the firms outsider status as the key to its success. Straitfords briefs dont sound like the usual Washington back-and-forthing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be w

9、rong. Straitford, says Friedman, takes pride in its independent voice.41. The emergence of the Net has _.A received support from fans like DonovanB remolded the intelligence servicesC restored many common pastimes（B）D revived spying as a profession42. Donovans story is mentioned in the text to _.A i

10、ntroduce the topic of online spyingB show how he fought for the U.S.C give an episode of the information war（A）D honor his unique services to the CIA43. The phrase “making the biggest splash” (Line 1, Paragraph 3) most probably means _.A causing the biggest troubleB exerting the greatest effortC ach

11、ieving the greatest success（C）D enjoying the widest popularity44. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that _.A Straitfords prediction about Ukraine has proved trueB Straitford guarantees the truthfulness of its informationC Straitfords business is characterized by unpredictability（D）D Straitford is a

12、ble to provide fairly reliable information45. Straitford is most proud of its _.A official statusB nonconformist imageC efficient staff（B）D military backgroundText 2To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke, “all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do noth

13、ing.” One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge a

14、nd care. Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding, and few people understand the process of health care research. Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an ani

15、mal.For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animalsno meat, no fur, no medicines. Asked if she opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vacci

16、nes come from animal research. When assured that they do, she replied, “Then I would have to say yes.” Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said, “Dont worry, scientists will find some way of using computers.” Such well-meaning people just dont understand.Scientists must communicate the

17、ir message to the public in a compassionate, understandable way - in human terms, not in the language of molecular biology. We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmothers hip replacement, a fathers bypass operation, a babys vaccinations, and even a pets shots. To tho

18、se who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst.Much can be done. Scientists could “adopt” middle school classes and present their own research. They should be quick to r

19、espond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth. Research institutions could be opened to tours, to show that laboratory animals receive humane care. Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health res

20、earch community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment. If good people do nothing, there is a real possibility that an uninformed citiz

21、enry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress.46. The author begins his article with Edmund Burkes words to _.A call on scientists to take some actionsB criticize the misguided cause of animal rightsC warn of the doom of biomedical research（A）D show the triumph of the animal rights mo

22、vement47. Misled people tend to think that using an animal in research is _.A cruel but naturalB inhuman and unacceptableC inevitable but vicious（B）D pointless and wasteful48. The example of the grandmotherly woman is used to show the publics _.A discontent with animal researchB ignorance about medi

23、cal scienceC indifference to epidemics（B）D anxiety about animal rights49. The author believes that, in face of the challenge from animal rights advocates, scientists should _.A communicate more with the publicB employ hi-tech means in researchC feel no shame for their cause（A）D strive to develop new

24、 cures50. From the text we learn that Stephen Cooper is _.A a well-known humanistB a medical practitionerC an enthusiast in animal rights（D）D a supporter of animal researchText 3In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into supersystems, causing heightened concerns abo

25、ut monopoly. As recently as 1995, the top four railroads accounted for under 70 percent of the total ton-miles moved by rails. Next year, after a series of mergers is completed, just four railroads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers.Supporters of the ne

26、w supersystems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service. Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chem

27、icals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company. Railroads typically charge such “captive” shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when anothe

28、r railroad is competing for the business. Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal governments Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time-consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases.Railroads justify rate disc

29、rimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyones cost. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to sh

30、oulder the cost of keeping up the line. Its a theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail. “Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the market

31、place?” asks Martin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shippers.Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be hit with a round of huge rate increases. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortunes, still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the ca

32、pital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on. Consider the $10.2 billion bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year. Conrails net railway operating income in 1996 was just $427 million, less than half of the carrying costs of the transacti