初中英语语法现在完成时与过去完成时.docx

1、初中英语语法现在完成时与过去完成时现在完成时与过去完成时 一、现在完成时 过去发生并且已经完成的动作对现在造成影响或后果,过去某一时间开始并一直持续到现在的动作或状态。 1.构成 现在完成时是由助动词have(has)+动词的过去分词构成。助动词说明该谓语是属于现在时范围。它和主语的人称、数要保持一致。过去分词是主要的谓语动词,说明句子的意义。 2.用法 (1)表示动作发生在过去某个不确定的时间,但对现在留下了某种影响和结果。常被just、already、yet 等副词修饰。如:-Have you had lunch yet? -Yes,I have. Ive just had it. 你(已

2、经)吃午饭了吗?我刚刚吃过。(现在我不饿了) (2)表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。这个动作可能刚停止,可能仍然在进行。常带有for和since等表示一段时间的状语。 如:He has taught here since 1981. 他自1981年就在这儿教书。(可能还要继续教) I havent seen her for four years. 我有四年没见到她了。 (3)表示说话前发生过一次或多次的动作,现在成为一种经验,一般译为汉语“过”,常带有twice, ever, never, three times等时间状语。如:I have been to Beijing t

3、wice.我去过北京二次。 3.结构 1).陈述句结构:主语+have( has)(not)+过去分词+其它。have not=havent has not=hasnt. 2).一般疑问句结构:Have( Has )+主语+过去分词+其它? 3).特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+have(has) +主语+ 过去分词+其它? eg. He has already finished his homework. He hasnt finished his homework yet. Has he finished his homework yet? -Yes, he has./ No, he hasnt.

4、/ No, not yet. 4.现在完成时的时间状语 (1)现在完成时属于现在时范围,故不能和过去的时间状语连用。如:yesterday,last Sunday,in1990,three years ago等。但是,在强调动作产生的后果和影响时,可以和一些表示不确定的时间状语连用。 a. 用副词already和yet。already一般用于肯定句中,yet一般用于否定句和疑问句中。 如:We have already finished our homework.我们已完成作业了。 They havent finished their homework yet.他们还没有完成作业。 b.用ev

5、er 和never。多用于否定或疑问句中,表示“曾经”或“从未“等。 如:-Have you ever been to the Great Wall?你曾经去过长城吗? I have never been to the Great Wall.我从未去过长城。 c.用表示到说话为止的过去时间状语,如just, before, up to now, the past few years等。 如:I have seen her before, but I can not remember where.我以前见过她,但记不起在哪里见过。 He has been there three times th

6、e past few years.近几年他去过那里三次了。 d.用包括“现在”在内的时间状语,如:now, today, this morning (month ,year, term)等。例如:-Have you met him today?-No,I havent.今天你见过他吗?我没有。How many times have you been there this year?今年你去过那里多少次? (2)现在完成时可以和带有since或for等表示“一段时间”的状语连用,表示动作或状态从某一时刻开始,一直持续到现在。如:I havent seen him for two years. 但

7、是,像come, arrive, buy等终止性动词不能与表示“一段时间”的状语连用。要用,必须改为“be(在)”等延续性动词来表述。现归纳总结一下由非延续性动词到延续性动词的转换: arrivebe here begin(start)be on die be dead come backbe back leave be away fall ill(sick,asleep)be ill(sick,asleep) get upbe up go out be out finish be over put on wear 或be on open be ope n join be in或be a me

8、mber of close be closed go to schoolbe a student borrow keep buy have catch(a cold) have(a cold)get to know know begin to studystudy come to workwork等 如:He has been a soldier for three years.他参军三年了。 His father has been dead for two years.他父亲去世二年了。 The film has been on for ten minutes.电影已开始十分钟了。 We h

9、ave studied English for three years. 我们(开始)学英语已三年了。 典型例题 1、-Do you know our town at all? -No, this is the first time I _ here. A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming 2、-Have you _ been to our town before? -No, its the first time I _ here. A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, hav

10、e come 3、You dont need to describe her. I _ her several times. A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet 4、-Im sorry to keep you waiting. -Oh, not at all. I _ here only a few minutes. A.have been B. had been C. was D. will be 二、过去完成时 1、定义 表示发生在过去的动作对过去晚些时候造成的影响或结果 过去某一动作一直持续到过去晚些时候将来可能还要延续。 句中的动作发生在过去之前

11、(过去的过去),即过去完成时动作发生在过去的过去。 He said he had been to Beijing twice. 他说他已经去过北京两次。(因为“说”said就是过去式,而去北京的动作发生在说said 的过去,所以用过完而不用现完。 过去完成时常用的时间状语有 (1)、by the end of last year. By the end of last term, we had learned 5000 new words. (2)、By the time sb. +动词过去式The bus had already left by the time I got there. 2

12、、基本结构 主语+had+过去分词vpp.(done) 肯定句:主语+had+过去分词. 否定句:主语+had+not+过去分词. 一般疑问句:Had+主语+过去分词? 肯定回答:Yes,主语+had. 否定回答:No,主语+had not . 特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词或词组+一般疑问句(Had+主语+过去分词)? 3、基本用法 (1)表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作,即“过去的过去”。可以用by, before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句,也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示,还可能通过上下文来表示。 例如:By nine oclock last night, we had got 200

13、 pictures from the spaceship. (2)表示由过去的某一时刻开始,一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态,常和for, since构成的时间状语连用。 例如:I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came./He said he had worked in that factory since 1949. (3)叙述过去发生的事情,在已叙述了过去发生的事情后,反过来追述或补述以前发生的动作时,常使用过去完成时。 例如:Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had bee

14、n a good friend of mine./ I didnt know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my lesson. (4)在含有定语从句的主从复合句中,如果叙述的是过去的事,先发生的动作常用过去完成时。 例如:I returned the book that I had borrowed./ She found the key that she had lost. (5)过去完成时常常用在told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词后的宾语从句(或间接引语)中,这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的

15、动作之前。 例如:He said that he had known her well./ I thought I had sent the letter a week before. (6)状语从句:在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中,发生在前,用过去完成时;发生在后,用一般过去时。如when,before,after,as soon as,till/until引导的。 例如:When I woke up, it had already stopped raining./ She didnt go to bed until she had finishe d her work. 注意:如果两个动

16、作紧接着发生,则常常不用过去完成时,特别是在包含before和after的复合句中,因为这时从句的动作和主句的动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确,这时可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。 例如:After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English. (7)动词think, want, hope, mean, plan, intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法,希望,打算或意图等。 例如:They had wanted to help but could not get there in time./ We

17、had hoped to be able to come and see you . (8)过去完成时还可用在hardlywhen, no soonerthan, It was the first (second, etc) time (that)等固定句型中。 例如:Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him./ No sooner had he arrived then he went away again./ It was the third time that he had been out of wor

18、k that year. 4、过去完成时-语法判定 A、由时间状语来判定。一般说来,各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有: ( 1 )by + 过去的时间点。如:I had finished reading the novel by nine oclock last night. ( 2 )by the end of + 过去的时间点。如:We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term. ( 3 )before + 过去的时间点。如:They had planted six hun

19、dred trees before last Wednesday. B、由“过去的过去”来判定。过去完成时表示“过去的过去”,是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作,即动作有先后关系,动作在前的用过去完成时,在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在: C、根据上、下文来判定。 I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadnt seen each other since he went to Beijing. 单项选择。 1、Both his parents look sad . Maybe they _whats happened to him .

20、(呼和浩特) A. knew B. have known C. must know D.will know 2、He has _ been to Shanghai , has he ? A. already B.never C.ever D. still 3、Have you met Mr Li _? A. just B. ago C.before D. a moment ago 4、The famous writer _ one new book in the past two year . A. is writing B.was writing C.wrote D.has written

21、5、Our country _ a lot so far . Yes . I hope it will be even _ . A. has changed well B. changed good C. has changed better D. changed better 6、Zhao Lan _already _in this school for two years . A. was studying B. will study C. has studied D. are studying 7、We _ Xiao Li since she was a little girl . A.

22、 know B. had known C. have known D. knew 8、Harry Potter is a very nice film .I_ it twice . A. will see B. have seen C. saw D.see 9、These farmers have been to the United States . Really ? When _ there ? A. will they go B. did they go C. do they go D. have they gone 10、_ you _ your homework yet ? Yes

23、. I _ it a moment ago . A. Did do finished B. Have done finished C. Have done have finished D. will do finish 11、 His father _ the Party since 1978 . A. joined B. has joined C. was in D. has been in 12、Do you know him well ? Sure .We _ friends since ten years ago . A. were B. have been C. have becom

24、e D. have made 13、How long have you _ here ? About two months . A. been B. gone C. come D. arrived 14、Hurry up! The play _ for ten minutes . A. has begun B. had begun C. has been on D. began 15、 It _ ten years since he left the army . A. is B. has C. will D. was 16、 Miss Green isnt in the office . s

25、he_ to the library . A.has gone B. went C.will go D. has been 17、My parents _ Shandong for ten years . A. have been in B. have been to C. have gone to D. have been 18、The students have cleaned the classroom, ? A. so they B. dont they C. have they D. havent they 19、 has Mr White been a member of Gree

26、ner China since he to China? A. How soon, comes B. How often, got C. How long, came D. How far, arrived 20、 His uncle for more than 9 years. A. has come here B. has started to work C. has lived there D. has left the university 二、句型转换。 1、He has never surfed, ?(改成反意疑问句) 2、They have been here since 200

27、0. (对划线部分提问) have they been here? 3、The old man _ last year. He for a year. (die) (动词填空) 4、This factory opened twenty years ago.(同义句转换) This factory _ for twenty years. 5、Miss Gao left an hour ago. (同义句转换) Miss Gao _ _ _ _ an hour ago. 6、Her mother has been a Party member for three years .(同义句) Her

28、mother _ the Party three years _ . 7、The Green Family moved to France two years ago. (同义句转换) _ two years _ the Green family moved to France. 8、The bus has arrived here. It arrived ten minutes ago. (把两个句子合并成一个句子) _ 1. 单项选择 1.He asked me _ during the summer holidays. A. where I had been B. where I had

29、 gone C. where had I been D. where had I gone 2. What _ Jane _ by the time he was sever? A. did, do B. has, done C did, did. D. had, done 3. I _ 900 English words by the time I was ten。 A. learned B. was learning C. had learned D. learnt 4. She _lived here for _ years. A. had, a few B. has, several

30、C. had, a lot of D. has, a great deal of 5. By the time my parents reached home yesterday, I _ the dinner already. A had cooked B. cooked C. have cooked D. was cooked 6. She said she _ the principle already A .has seen B. saw C. will see D. had seen 7. She said her family _ themselves _ the army during the war. A. has hidden, from B. had hidden, from C. has hidden, with D. had hidden, with 8. By the time he was ten years old, he