中考定语从句练习及讲解.doc

1、中考总复习之定语从句专项详解巧练1. 定语从句的概念：在复合句中，用来修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词，定语从句必须放在先行词之后，对先行词起修饰限定作用。e.g. He is the man who I want to see. 先行词 关系词 定语从句2. 定语从句的引导词：定语从句的引导词有关系代词that, which, who (whom, whose)和关系副词where, when, why两种，关系代词和关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间，起联系作用，同时又在定语从句中充当一定成分。3. 关系代词引导的定语从句：如果先行词是表示人的名词或

2、代词，关系代词应用who (whom, whose) 和that。e.g. This is Xiao Wang who / that gave us a talk yesterday. (who / that在从句中作主语)这就是昨天给我们作报告的小王。The man whom / that you saw last week has left the town. (whom / that在从句中作宾语)上周你看见的那个人已离开了城镇。I know the woman whose husband is a doctor. (whose在从句中作定语)我认识的那个妇女，她的丈夫是个医生。如果先行

3、词是表示物的名词或代词时，则用which或that。e.g. Guilin is a city which / that has a history of 2000 years. (which / that在从句子中作主语)桂林是座具有2000年历史的城市。The mooncakes which / that mother cooked taste nice. (which / that在从句中作宾语)妈妈做的月饼很好吃。4. 关系代词引导定语从句应该注意的几个方面：关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词用单数还是复数应由先行词决定。e.g.The man who lives downsta

4、irs speaks English well.住在楼下的那个人英语说得很好。The students who are in Grade Three are going to climb the hill tomorrow.3年级的学生明天去爬山。当关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时，往往可以省略。e.g. Mrs. Smith (whom) you met yesterday is a friend of mine.你昨天碰见的那位史密斯夫人是我的一位朋友。This is the book (which) you are looking for. 这是那本你正在找的书。There are some

5、 films (that) Id like to see. 有几部电影我想去看。口语中作为宾语的关系代词whom也可用who，且也可以省略。e.g. The man (whom / who) you were talking about has come to our school.你们刚才在谈论的那个人已经来到我们学校。关系代词在从句中作介词宾语时，介词可以放在whom, which之前（不可放在that之前）Page 3e.g. The man (whom) I borrowed the book from is Li Lei. The man from whom I borrowed t

6、he book is Li Lei.我借书的那个人是李雷。The house (which) he lives in is quite large. The house in which he lives is quite large.他住的房子很大。应注意，如果介词位于关系代词之前，关系代词不可省略，另外，若定语从句中谓语动词是固定搭配的词组，则其后的介词或副词不可前移至关系代词之前。e.g. The dictionary which you are looking for is on the desk. 你在寻找的那本词典在桌子上。The sick man whom she is taki

7、ng care of is her farther. 她在照顾的病人是她父亲。5. 关系代词只能用that的几种情况：(只作了解)当先行词是everything, anything, nothing, none, the one (something除外) 等不定代词时。e.g. I had to remember everything that the teacher taught me. 我必须记住老师教给我的一切知识。先行词被序数词或the last修饰时。e.g. He was the first student that got to school today. 他是今天第一个到学校

8、的学生。先行词是或被all, no, some, any, little, much, few等修饰时。e.g. I have done all that he told us to do. 我已完成了他让我做的一切。先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。e.g. He worked out the most difficult problem that I had seen. 他解答出我所见过最难的题目。先行词被the very, the only, the same修饰时。e.g. I need the same dictionary that you have. 我需要同你一样的字典。先行词是两个

9、或多个分别表示人和物的名词时e.g. He told us many interesting things and persons that we had never heard.他给我们讲了许多我们从来没有听说过的有趣的人和事。主句是以who, which引导的特殊疑问句时e.g. Who is the man that you spoke to just now? 你刚才跟他说话的那个人是谁？6.定语从句可以简化成短语。定语从句为被动结构，可用过去分词短语简化。e.g. I bought a book that was written by Lu Xun. I bought a book

10、written by Lu Xun.我买了一本鲁迅写的书。若为主动结构，且为进行时态或从句表示经常性的动作和状态时，可用现在分词短语简化。e.g. Tell the children who are playing there not to do that. Tell the children playing there not to do that.The house that stands at the corner was built in 1987. The house standing at the corner was built in 1987.当从句中的谓语动词表示一个将要发生

11、的动作或具有某种情态意义时，可简化为动词不定式。e.g. We have nothing that we should fear. We have nothing to fear. 我们没有什么事情可以害怕。当从句的谓语动词后是介词短语时，可简化为介词短语作定语。e.g. The book that is on the table is expensive. The book on the table is expensive.7.关系副词when或where引导定语从句时,它们在从句中分别作时间状语和地点状语。如：This is the room where they had a quarr

12、el a week ago. (这是一个星期前他们吵架的房间。) / I can never forget the day when I first saw you. (我永远不会忘记第一次见到你的日子。) 注意 一、定语从句是复合句的重要组成部分。在定语从句中不管出现什么情况，主句的结构必须完整。试比较：1. Is this farm _ they visited the day before yesterday?2. Is this the farm _ they visited the day before yesterday?A. which B. the one C. where D

13、. what简析：第1题中主句缺少表语，只有B项才能保持主句的完整性。故选B。第2 题的主句本身已完整，应填关系代词作定语从句中及物动词visit 的宾语。所以，正确答案是A。二、在定语从句中，关系代词或关系副词已经代替先行词在定语从句中充当了某一成分，因此，定语从句中不能再出现与关系代词或关系副词相重叠的成分。例如：改错： Do you remember the book that I lent it to you last week?简析：该题中的that 指代先行词book，在定语从句中充当了动词 lend 的逻辑宾语，故 it 应该删除。三、解题时，首先要结合选项对题干进行整体感知，确

14、定定语从句的位置；根据定语从句中所缺少的句子成分，分析先行词逻辑上在定语从句中的成分，继而选出正确的选项。例如：Can you tell me the name of the factory _ you visited last week?A. what B. where C. / D. when简析：本题定语从句的主语、谓语、时间状语已具备，而visit 是个及物动词，从语义上分析，factory 作visit 的宾语。故只能选C (引导词在定语从句中作宾语时可以省略）。四、解答介词+关系代词 类型的定语从句题时，关键在于分析定语从句中的谓语动词（该动词是不及物动词）习惯上常与什么介词搭配使

15、用。这就需要同学们在平时学习时要注重某些不及物动词和介词惯用的情形，并要灵活运用。例如：In the dark street, there wasnt a single person _ she could turn for help.A. that B. who C. from whom D. to whom简析:本题定语从句中的turn 与介词 to 构成固定短语turn to sb. for help (向某人求助）。所以，D是正确选项。定语从句前必须有个名词, 定语从句用来修饰前边的名词, 这个名词叫 先行词 . 定语从句必须由一个关联引导, 并在定语从句中充当一个成分. who th

16、at whom Antecedent (先行词) relative pronoun that whick(关系代词) whose as relative adverb when where why (关系副词) I. who / that (指前边的人, 在定语从句中做主语，不能省略)1. This is the girl. The girl helped me yesterday.This is the girl ( who / that helped me yesterday.)2. The girl is my neighbor. The girl helped me yesterday

17、.The girl ( who / that helped me yesterday) is my neighbor./II. who /whom /that (指前边的人,在定语从句中作宾语,可省略)1.I will never forget the boy. I met the boy last year.I will never forget the boy (who/whom/that I met last year.) 2.The man is an advanced worker. You shook hands with himjust now.The man who /whom

18、 / that you shook hands with just now is an advanced worker.The man (with whom you shook hands) is an advanced worker.III. that /which (指前边的物, 在定语从句中做主语或宾语,做宾语时可以省略)1. A plane is a machine. The machine can fly.A plane is a machine ( that/ which can fly. )2. I lost the dictionary. The dictionary gave

19、 me a lot of help.I lost the dictionary (that /which gave me a lot of help.)3.What do you think about the museum? They built it last year.What do you think about the museum ( that /which they built last year?)4.I dont like the film. They talked about the film yesterday.I dont like the film (that/whi

20、ch they talked about yesterday.)I dont like the film (about which they talked yesterday.)5.The chair is made of wood. You are sitting on it.The chair (that/which you are sitting on)is made of wood.The chair (on which you are sitting) is made of wood.IV. the same such 用 “ as” 引导定语从句。 soV. whose (指人或指

21、物，在定语从句中充当定语)1. Whats the name of the boy? His father is a railway worker.Whats the name of the boy (whose father is a railway worker?)2. Wang Fang is a student. His house caught fire last week.Wang Fang is a student (whose house caught fire last week.)3. I like to study in the room. Its windows fac

22、e south. I like to study in the room whose windows face south.4. The book is mine. Its cover is blue.The book whose cover is blue is mine.5. Tom often does some housework for Grandma Li . Her son is in the Army. Tom often does some housework for Grandma Li whose son is in the Army.VI. when = 介词 + wh

23、ich (指时间，在定语从句中做 时间状语)1. I will never forget the first day. I came to the city on that day.I will never forget the first day (when I came to the city.)I will never forget the first day on which I came to the city.2. We will always remember the years. We worked together in those years.We will always

24、remember the years when we worked together.We will always remember the years in which we worked together.VII. where = 介词 + which ( 指地点，在定语从句中做 地点状语)1. I like the beautiful mountain. We planted a lot of trees on it.I like the beautiful mountain where we planted a lot of trees.I like the beautiful mou

25、ntain on which we planted a lot of trees.1. Please show me the shop. You bought the book in the shop.Please show me the shop ( where you bought the book.) Please show me the shop ( in which you bought the book.)VIII. why = for which ( 指原因，修饰先行词 reason )1. He is weak. That is the reason why/for which

26、 he doesnt want to take part in the sports meeting. 2. I really dont know the reason why/for which he suddenly fell ill.3. Could you tell me the reason why / for which you never say Hello to me非限制性定语从句1. 主句有完整意义、能独立存在，这时后边的定语从句只起一个补充说明的作用，使主句显得更清楚，这样的定语从句叫非限制性定语从句。非限制定语从句与主句之间常常有一个逗号，但是逗号不是区别限制性和非限制

27、性的唯一标志，主要看主句 是否完整。2. 在非限制性定语从句中，表示人的关系代词只能用who或whom, 表示物的关系代词只能用which. “that” 不能用在非限制性定语从句中.例如:1) Im going to meet my friend at the airport, who is coming from the States.2) I have finished reading the novel, which I like very much.3. as 也可以引导非限制性定语从句。 1) 位置很活，可以放在句首、句中或句末。2) 通常解释为：正如.例如：(1) 正如我们所知，

28、地球是圆的。The earth is round, as we all know. As we all know , the earth is round.The earth, as we all know, is round.(2) 他经常迟到, 这是司空见惯的. He is often late, as is usual.(3) 正如老师们预料的那样, 他毕业后成为了一名教师.As was expected, he became a teacher after leaving school.4. 选用普通代词还是关联词, 主要看主从句之间是否有连词。1) 这位老人有三个儿子，他们都是老师。

29、 The old man has three sons and they are all teachers. The old man has three sons, who are all teachers.2)老师问了我一个问题，我没能回答上来。The teacher asked me a question, but I can not answer it.The teacher asked me a question, which I can not answer.3) 那边有座房子, 房前有棵树.There is a house over there, in front of which

30、 stands a tree.There is a house over there, and in front of it stands a tree,特殊的关系代词1. Who is the man that is talking to Mr Li?2. Which is the bridge that they built last year?3. 以下情况只能用 “ that” 来修饰.(1) 最高级(2) 序数词(3) 不定代词(4) 有人又有物定语从句专项练习题与答案详解1. Nearly all the streets are in straight lines, _ from east to west. Those _ run from north to south are called avenues.A. running; that B. run; who C. running; who D. run; that2. This is the case _ hes had all his money stolen.A. when B. where C. that D. on which3. Mr. Smith will pay a visit to Beijing this autumn, _ we will enjoy th