16-心理障碍PPT文件格式下载.ppt

1、Myers PSYCHOLOGY,Chapter 16Psychological Disorders,Psychological Disorders,Psychological Disordera“harmful dysfunction”in which behavior is judged to be:#atypical-not enough in itselfdisturbing-varies with time and culturemaladaptive-harmfulunjustifiable-sometimes theres a good reason,Historical Per

2、spective,Perceived Causesmovements of sun or moonlunacy-full moonevil spiritsAncient Treatmentsexorcism,caged like animals,beaten,burned,castrated,mutilated,blood replaced with animals blood,Psychological Disorders,Medical Modelconcept that diseases have physical causescan be diagnosed,treated,and i

3、n most cases,curedassumes that these“mental”illnesses can be diagnosed on the basis of their symptoms and cured through therapy,which may include treatment in a psychiatric hospital,Psychological Disorders,Bio-Psycho-Social Perspectiveassumes that biological,sociocultural,and psychological factors c

4、ombine and interact to produce psychological disorders,Psychological Disorders,Psychological Disorders-Etiology,DSM-IVAmerican Psychiatric Associations Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders（Fourth Edition）a widely used system for classifying psychological disorderspresently distribut

5、ed as DSM-IV-TR（text revision）,Psychological Disorders-Etiology,Neurotic Disorder（term seldom used now）usually distressing but that allows one to think rationally and function sociallyPsychotic Disorderperson loses contact with realityexperiences irrational ideas and distorted perceptions,Anxiety Di

6、sorders,Anxiety Disorders distressing,persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxietyGeneralized Anxiety Disorderperson is tense,apprehensive,and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal,Anxiety Disorders,Panic Disordermarked by a minutes-long episode of intense dread in which

7、a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain,choking,or other frightening sensation,Anxiety Disorders,Phobiapersistent,irrational fear of a specific object or situationObsessive-Compulsive Disorderunwanted repetitive thoughts（obsessions）and/or actions（compulsions）,Anxiety Disorders,Common

8、 and uncommon fears,Anxiety Disorders,Anxiety Disorders,PET Scan of brain of person with Obsessive/Compulsive disorderHigh metabolic activity（red）in frontal lobe areas involved with directing attention,Mood Disorders,Mood Disorders characterized by emotional extremesMajor Depressive Disorder a mood

9、disorder in which a person,for no apparent reason,experiences two or more weeks of depressed moods,feelings of worthlessness,and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities,Mood Disorders,Manic Episodea mood disorder marked by a hyperactive,wildly optimistic stateBipolar Disordera mood disord

10、er in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of maniaformerly called manic-depressive disorder,Mood Disorders-Depression,Mood Disorders-Depression,Canadian depression rates,Mood Disorders-Suicide,Mood Disorders-Bipolar,PET scans show

11、 that brain energy consumption rises and falls with emotional switches,Mood Disorders-Depression,Altering any one component of the chemistry-cognition-mood circuit can alter the others,Mood Disorders-Depression,The vicious cycle of depression can be broken at any point,Dissociative Disorders,Dissoci

12、ative Disordersconscious awareness becomes separated（dissociated）from previous memories,thoughts,and feelingsDissociative Identity Disorderrare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalitiesformerly called multiple personality disorder,Schizophren

13、ia,Schizophrenialiteral translation“split mind”a group of severe disorders characterized by:#disorganized and delusional thinkingdisturbed perceptionsinappropriate emotions and actions,Schizophrenia,Delusionsfalse beliefs,often of persecution or grandeur,that may accompany psychotic disordersHalluci

14、nationssensory experiences without sensory stimulation,Schizophrenia,Schizophrenia,Schizophrenia,Schizophrenia,Personality Disorders,Personality Disordersdisorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioningusually without anxiety,depression,or delusions

15、,Personality Disorders,Antisocial Personality Disorderdisorder in which the person（usually man）exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing,even toward friends and family membersmay be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist,Mood Disorders-Depression,Boys who were later convicted of a crime showed relatively low arousal,Personality Disorders,PET scans illustrate reduced activation in a murderers frontal cortex,Personality Disorders,Rates of Psychological Disorders,