托福阅读基础班讲义printed versionWord文档下载推荐.docx

1、1.3.4Appositons 161.3.5Attributive clauses 161.3.6Complex sentences 17.Effective Reading Practice 202.1 Coherence 202.2. Structure 23.Critical Reading Practice 243.1Distinguish fact from opinion 243.2Topic （generalization） and main idea 253.3. Purpose and inference 26Table of words with various mean

2、ings: 28Table of Correlative words 29Complex sentences for practice 30Vocabulary with Contexts 34.Basic Reading Requirements1.1. Material Reference Building Skills for the TOEFL iBT （North Star）Old TOEFL Reading PassagesOld TOEFL VocabularyEffective Reading in a Changing World1.2. VocabularyHow many

3、 words?How to promote efficiency?What kinds of words? multivocal words abstract words academic words correlative words multivocal words Little test:1.The Native Americans of northern California were highly skilled at basketry, using the reeds, grasses, bards, and roots they found around them to fash

4、ion articles of all sorts and sizes -not only trays, containers, and cooking pots, but hats, boats, fish traps, baby carriers, and ceremonial objects.2.Large domestic animals became the societies main source of animal protein, replacing wild game, and they also furnished wool, leather, and land tran

5、sport.3.The advantage of nesting on cliffs is the immunity it gives from foxes, which cannot scale the sheer rocks, and from ravens and other species of gulls, which have difficulty in landing on narrow ledges to steal eggs.4.Most machines, no matter how complex they may be, are combinations of the

6、lever and the inclined plane.5.In the foreground rose the Gongtang Pagoda with its dazzling gilded stupa rising above a rectangular series of green tiled sloping roofs. Beyond, leading up to the mountains lay the fabled Labrang Monastery. Surrounding the entire complex stretched a reddish-brown wall

7、, several kilometers long, lined with hundreds of prayer wheels. More about multivocal words:1.One result of rent control is a decrease in the construction of new rental units. Rent controls have artificially depressed the most important long-term determinant of profitability-rents.2. The first well

8、s were drilled into the Ogallala during the drought years of the early 1930s. The ensuing rapid expansion of irrigation agriculture, especially from the 1950s onward, transformed the economy of the region.3. The author mentions the Ice Age rope found in the French cave of Lascaux as an example of an

9、 item on which the marks of wear imply that it was used by a right-handed person4. When an association continues long enough for two people to become linked together by a relatively stable set of expectations, it is called a relationship. 5. Black was considered inappropriate because of its associat

10、ion with death.6. There is little doubt, however, that desertification in most areas results primarily from human activities rather than natural processes. The semiarid lands bordering the deserts exist in a delicate ecological balance and are limited in their potential to adjust to increased enviro

11、nmental pressures.7. As a famous woman, Fengjies disposition has been marked as extreme self-confidence. The disposition of Furongs “S” posture cannot match up with Fengjies sudden turn of her face with a charming smile. The disposition of all these national treasures overseas has ignited the admira

12、tion of foreign news agency, such as the report of Brother sharp. 8. Passed from generation to generation by word of mouth, every society has a favorite imagined figure that is seen in the surface markings of the full moon. In Asia and Europe, it is commonly a hare, while North Americans see the man

13、 in the moon or the lady in the moon.9. In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose, architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based on physical laws, have changed little since people first discovered them even while building materia

14、ls have changed dramatically. 10. Reflection on a complex task such as teaching is not easy. The teachers were taken through a program of talking about teaching events, moving on to reflecting about specific issues in a supported, and later an independent manner.the reflection in a mirrordo sth. wit

15、hout sufficient reflectionreflections on the current situationHe is simply a reflection of his father.Recommended Solution Table of Mutivocal words Requirements: Look all these words up Write down all the meanings abstract words1. Most psychologists, perplexed by the feelings they acknowledge are ar

16、oused by aesthetic experience, have claimed that these emotions are genuine, but different in kind from nonaesthetic emotions. This, however, is a descriptive distinction rather than an empirical observation and consequently lacks explanatory value.2. This trend began during the Second World War, wh

17、en several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. Desire; demand; need Special; specific establish; set up3.NS advance, page 10: Reasonable; reasoning Prioritize; priority4.

18、When experimentally deprived baby robins are placed in a nest with normally fed siblings, the hungry nestlings beg more loudly than usual but so do their better-fed siblings, though not as loudly as the hungrier birds.The researchers found that the temporal lobe of the brain, the region involved in

19、language processing, was activated during verbal tasks in rested subjects but not in deprived subjects. Definition: 抽象 Range: verbs and adjectives List of Old TOEFL Actual Vocabulary Reading passages of NS, high intermediate and advanced 1.Mark all the abstract words 2.Make differences between synon

20、ymy 3.Make sentence with each abstract words academic words Elaboration of academic background 1.Natural and Physical Sciences 2.Biological Sciences 3.Arts and American History 4.Social Sciences 5.Humanities 6.Biography and others 1.Natural and Physical SciencesThe nuclear energy is released at the

21、Suns center as high-energy gamma radiation, a form of electromagnetic radiation like light and radio waves, only of very much shorter wavelength. This gamma radiation is absorbed by atoms inside the Sun, to be re-emitted at slightly longer wavelengths. This radiation, in its turn, is absorbed and re

22、-emitted. As the energy filters through the layers of the solar interior, it passes through the x-ray part of the spectrum, eventually becoming light. At this stage, it has reached what we call the solar surface, and can escape into space, without being absorbed further by solar atoms. A very small

23、fraction of the Suns light and heat is emitted in such directions that, after passing unhindered through interplanetary space, it hits the Earth.2.Biological SciencesMolt of the flight feathers is the most highly organized part of the process. Some species, for example, begin by dropping the outermo

24、st primary feathers on each side （to retain balance in the air） and wait until the replacement feathers are about one-third grown before shedding the next outermost, and so on. Others always start with the innermost primary feathers and work outward. Yet other species begin in the middle and work ou

25、tward on both sides. Most ducks shed their wing feathers at once, and remain flightless for two or three weeks while the replacement feathers grow.3.Arts and American HistoryThe American Revolution was not a revolution in the sense of a radical or total change. It was not a sudden and violent overtu

26、rning of the political and social framework, such as later occurred in France and Russia, when both were already independent nations. Significant changes were ushered in, but they were not breathtaking. What happened was accelerated evolution rather than outright revolution. During the conflict itse

27、lf people went on working and praying, marrying and playing. Most of them were not seriously disturbed by the actual fighting, and many of the more isolated communities scarcely knew that a war was on. 4.Social SciencesThe term “satellite city” is used to describe the relationship between a large ci

28、ty and neighboring smaller cities and towns that are economically dependent upon it. Satellite cities may be collection and distribution points in the commercial linkages of a trading metropolis, or they may be manufacturing or mining centers existing with one industry economics as the creatures of

29、some nearby center. This latter form is what is generally meant when one uses the term satellite city. Taken in this sense, nineteenth - century Chicopee and Lowell, Massachusetts, were satellites of Boston. Both were mill towns created by Boston investors to serve the economy of that New England me

30、tropolis. 5.Humanities The most interesting architectural phenomenon of the 1970s was the enthusiasm for refurbishing older buildings. Obviously, this was not an entirely new phenomenon. What is new is the wholesale interest in reusing the past, in recycling, in adaptive rehabilitation. A few trial

31、efforts, such as Ghirardell Square in San Francisco, proved their financial viability in the 1960s, but it was in the 1970s. with strong government support through tax incentives and rapid depreciation, as well as growing interest in ecology issues, that recycling became a major factor on the urban scene.6.Biography and others Though Faulkner was praised by some critics and reviewers during the first part