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1、nana. （3）Baby fall downSimilarities: They both contain the necessary key words, especially nouns, verbs and adjectivesDifferences: “Telegraphic” sentences lack function words like prepositions and conjunctions. They are shorter, and grammatical elements are often omitted or inserted incorrectly, and

2、 they are single clauses.2.Researchers have used both longitudinal and cross-sectional approaches to investigate the order of acquisition of grammatical morphemes in English by young children. Describe these approaches in your own words. What are the challenges and the potential benefits of each?Cro

3、ss-sectional approaches: A research method studies subjects at different ages and stages of development.Longitudinal studies: It is a type of observational study. By longitudinal studies, we mean that we can study learners language with a period of time, one month, one year, or more. This contrasts

4、with Cross-sectional studies.The challenges of longitudinal study approaches: They are time-consuming and money-consuming. Also, they are not convenient. Potential benefits of longitudinal study approaches: Longitudinal studies track the same people, and therefore the differences observed in those p

5、eople are less likely to be the result of cultural differences across generations. The challenges of Cross-sectional approaches: Routine data are not designed to answer the specific question. Potential benefits of Cross-sectional approaches: . The use of routinely collected data allows large cross-s

6、ectional studies to be made at little or no expense.3.What is the wug test? What do the findings from the wug test tell us aboutChildrens developing language? What advantages does the wug test have over studies that observe childrens language in natural settings? Can you think of some disadvantages?

7、（1） “Wug test” is a procedure to explore childrens knowledge of language developed by Jean Berko Gleason. It was designed as a way to investigate the acquisition of the plural and other inflectional morphemes in English-speaking children. （2） By the age of three-and-a-half or four years, most childr

8、en can ask questions, give commands, report real events, and create stories about imaginary ones-complete with correct grammatical morphemes.（3） Advantages of wug test By completing these sentences, children demonstrate that they actually know the rules in English, not just a list of memorized word

9、pairs, and can apply these rules to words which they have never heard before.（4）Some disadvantages: The acquisition of the more complex grammatical structures of the language requires a different sort of explanation4. What is metalinguistic awareness? Why is it a prerequisite for being able to under

10、stand most jokes and riddles? Think of a joke or riddle you know. How is metalinguistic awareness related to your understanding of what makes this joke funny?（1） Metalinguistic awareness is the ability to treat language as an object, separate from the meaning it conveys. （2）Because Metalinguistic aw

11、areness includes the discovery of such things as ambiguity-words and sentences that have multiple meaning.（3）Jokes: Why is the bride feeling unhappy in her wedding? Because she cannot marry the best man.5. What have researchers observed about the frequency with which young children engage in imitati

12、on and repetitive practice? In what way are young childrens linguistic imitation and practice patterns different from those of some foreign language classes?（1） Observation: First year, most babies can understand quite a few frequently repeated words. Speech consists of imitation, but different chil

13、dren have different rate of imitation Childrens imitations are not random; they do not imitate everything they hear Children sometimes repeat themselves or produce a series of related practice sentences（2） Differences: Linguistic imitation and practice patterns are the natural process in which child

14、ren subconsciously possess and develop the linguistic knowledge of the setting they live in. Young children learn language through exposure to the language and meaningful communication. Foreign language classes take place where the target language is not the language spoken in the language community

15、. Children have the need of systematic studies of any kind.6. Give examples of both grammatical and lexical overgeneralization errors found in early child language. What is the general learning principle that underlies such errors?Examples of grammatical overgeneralization errors： Randall （2, 9）, wh

16、o is in stage 3 of question formation, concluded that the trick of asking questions is to put a certain word （in this case: are） at the beginning of the sentence. for example: Are dogs wiggle their tails？Correct form: Do dogs wiggle their tails? Examples of lexical overgeneralization errors: Michel

17、（2, 0） says: Mummy, Im hiccing up and I cant stop. （Michel has heard many two-word verbs with up, such as standing up and picking up. So he makes such a generalization.）The general learning principle that underlies such errors:（1）Children appear to pick out patterns and then generalize them to new c

18、ontexts. They create new forms or new uses of words until they finally figure out how the forms are used by adults. Their new sentences are usually comprehensible and often correct.（2）Behaviorism in first language learning.7. How do the stories of Victor and Genie （pages 1921） support the critical p

19、eriod hypothesis? Do you find this evidence convincing? Why do most researchers consider that the evidence from users of American Sign Language that was collected by Newport and her colleagues （page 21） is stronger support for the CPH? （1） Victor and Genie are children who have been deprived of cont

20、act with language in their early years. Their language acquisition device was stimulated too late. As a result, even though they were taught to speak when they were 12 or 13 years old they CANNOT learn language like normal people and their language development was abnormal. So the stories of Victor

21、and Genie support the critical period hypothesis. （2） It is difficult to argue that the hypothesis is confirmed on the basis of evidence from such unusual children and the unknown circumstances of their early lives. We cannot know what other factors besides biological maturity might have contributed

22、 to their inability to learn language. Therefore, this evidence is not convincing （3） These users of American Sign Language are usual children who acquire their first language at different ages. They come from loving homes, yet do not receive exposure to language at the usual time. Besides, the circ

23、umstances of their early lives are known to the researchers. They begin learning ASL often when they start attending a residential school where sign language is used for day-to-day communication. Moreover, in the study, there were three distinct groups of ASL users: Native signers who were exposed t

24、o sign language from birth, Early learners whose first exposure to ASL began at ages four to six at school, and Late learners who first came into contact with ASL after the age of 12. Results of the research showed that the Native group outperformed the Early learner group who outperformed the late

25、learner group on tests focusing on grammatical markers. The study supports the hypothesis that there is a critical period for first language learning. 8. How are Piagets and Vygotskys views of first language acquisition similar? How do they differ?（1） Both of them thought that interaction played a v

26、ery important role in language development;（2） Children are active learners;（3） Development declines with age（1） Piaget hypothesized Childrens cognitive development would partly determine how they use language!（2） Vygotsky believed that Language develops entirely from social interaction.9. What was

27、unusual about Jims exposure to language? How does this case support an interactionist perspective on language acquisition?Unusual:（1） Jim, the hearing children of deaf parents, had little contract with hearing/speaking adults up to the age of three years and nine months. （2） His only contract with o

28、ral language was through TV.（3） His parents did not use sign language with JimSupport:（1） Interactionism focus on the role of the linguistic environment in interaction with the childs innate capacities in determining language development. And Vygotsky thought was essentially internalized speech, and

29、 speech emerged in social interaction.（2） Jims only contract with oral language was through TV, which cannot give immediate adjustment for the needs of Jim. But when Jim began conversations with sessions with an adult, his expressive abilities began to improve. By the age of four years and two month

30、s, most of the unusual speech patterns had disappeared, replaced by structures more typical of Jims age. 10. State the Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis （CAH） and explain why it is often linked to the behaviourist theory. What are its limitations? （1） The CAH was put forward by Dr. Robert Lado and it

31、predicts that where there are similarities between the first and second language, the learner will acquire second language structures with ease; where there are differences, the learner will have difficulty （2） The CAH is based on the behaviouristic psychology. It holds that language development is viewed as the formation of habits; it is assumed that a person learning a second language starts off with the habits formed in the