1、(二) 本文:引言(Introduction) 主体,含篇(Part)、章(Chapter)、节(Section) 、以及注释 (Footnotes) (三)参考资料:参考书目(References or Bibliography) 附录资料(Appendix)。进行论文或报告写作之前,先要确定想要表达的主题,主题确定后,将其具体表达,即为题目。题目可以提供研究者:一.研究的方向 二.研究的范围 三.资料搜集的范围 四.预期研究成果 通常在确定题目之後就开始找资料从事研究,建议在找资料之前最好去问教授有哪些参考资料来源可供参考引用。构思为确定写作大纲或 Proposal 的先前步骤, 大纲是论
2、文、报告的骨干, Proposal 是研究的架构、流程及范围的说明书。如何构思大纲或Proposal为论文、报告写作前的必要准备工作。好的论文或研究报告,要基于在完整、详实的资料上,而参考资料除了和教授商借之外,最主要的来源就是图书馆了,一般参考资料来源可分成教科书或手册、政府机构的报告、科技或商业方面的杂志,及会议性质的资料。此外现代的电脑资料库也可帮助收集资料,在国外可利用学校的电脑连线资料库寻找自己需要的资料。当一切准备就绪,即可开始着手写报告,一般报告还分大报告如期末、专题等报告,及小报告如 Seminar 式的报告。就算是小报告,也至少应含 (一)TITLE PAGES :包含主题名
3、称、作者、日期 (二)Summary: 即主要的结论 (三)Introduction:包括理论背景及内容 (四)Technical Sections:是论文的主体,为最重要的部份应再细分为 几个片断。(五)Conclusions:即扼要的结论 (六)Appendixes:复杂公式的导引及叁考资料和电脑程式的报表可附加在 此项 美式报告的撰写通常要打字,两行式,行间若有未拼完的字要以音节来连接。写报告通常需要用到电脑,如有计算数字统计图表的需求,也常会用到程式软体如PASCAL、LOTUS,统计分析软体如SAS,也是不可或缺的,电脑绘图在今日已成为工商界及学术界的重要工具,文书处理更是最基本的要
4、求,因此Word for Window、Powerpoint、Excel便成了颇受欢迎的工具。此外在英文语法、文法上的润饰与修改,如能请老美帮忙会比较好。论文、报告完成后有时会需要做解说(Presentation),用英文来讲演对中国人来说算是一大挑战,通常课堂讲演时间为十五分钟到三十分钟,若是论文囗试则至少一小时。投影机及麦克风的使用对讲演的效果有很大帮助,正式讲演前多预习几次,时间宜控制适中,上台时忌讳低头拿着报告照念,需留意听众的反应,切中主题,避免太多数字的导引。商业计划书模板-英文版BUSINESS PLAN TEMPLATEBUSINESS PLANMy Company123 Ma
5、in StreetAnytown, USA 10000123-4567Your NameDATETABLE OF CONTENTSExecutive Summary 1Management 2Company History 6Product/Service Description 8Objectives 10Competitors 11Competitive Advantages 12Innovation 14Pricing 15Specific Markets 16Growth Strategy 17Market Size and Share 18Targeting New Markets
6、19Location 20Manufacturing Plan 21Research & Development 22Historical Financial Data 23Proforma Financial Data 24Proforma Balance Sheet 27Cost Control 28Effects of Loan or Investment 29Attachments 30Executive SummaryMy Company was formed as a proprietorship, partnership, corporation in Month, Year i
7、n City, State, by John Doe in response to the following market conditions:Startup, growth opportunities exist in Product/Service.The need for use of efficient distribution and financial methods in these overlooked markets.I/We have several customers who are willing to place large orders,contracts wi
8、thin the next three months.Several other prospective customers/clients have expressed serious interest in doing business within six months.I/We previously owned a company that was active in the widget markets. Over the past few years I spent much time studying ways to improve overall performance and
9、 increase profits. This plan is a result of that study.The basic components of this plan are:1. Competitive pricing2. Expand the markets3. Increased advertising4. Lower our unit costs,5. Thereby achieving higher profits.Service1. Sign contracts2. Increased advertising3. Increase office staffTo this
10、end, I/we need investment from private individuals and/or companies. A total of $XXX is being raised which will be used to finance working capital, plant and equipment. The company will be incorporated and common stock issued to investors. The company will be run as a proprietorship, partnership, co
11、rporation.Financial GoalsYear 1Year 2Year 3Sales$1,000,000$1,400,000$1,600,000Net Income$25,000$250,000$375,000Earnings per share.01.12.14ManagementNameTitleExperienceSales growth from zero to $1,000,000 in five years.Led market in market share - 30%.Formulated advertising budgets & campaigns.Pionee
12、red new distribution channels.Established national sales force.Established national repair & service centers.Brought new and innovative products to the market. Designed point-of-purchase materials.EducationUniversity of BostonBoston, MAB.A. - Computer SciencesShort BiographiesPresidentJohn Q. Doe, C
13、hief Executive Officer, and Director since February 1988 and President since January 1990. Mr. Doe was the founder and Chief Executive Officer of the original operating company known as Random Excess, Inc. He has had experience in the widget field with his own firm, John Doe Co., of Oshkosh (Wiscons
14、in), from 1980 to 1987. This firm was sold to FatCat Widgets, Inc. in 1987. Mr. Doe has held a sales position with U S West Inc. since then. Mr. Doe graduated from the University of Colorado in 1981 with a bachelors degree in philosophy. Mr. Doe is employed by the Company on a full-time basis.Chief
15、Financial OfficerRichard Roe, CPA, Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer and Director. Mr. Roe joined Random Excess, Inc. in December 1988 as a corporate controller and was named Chief Financial Officer in July 1989. Mr. Roe was appointed Treasurer and a Director in July 1990. He served as corporate co
16、ntroller of XYZ Lumber Company from August 1981 to December 1988. Mr. Roe graduated from Metropolitan State College in Denver, Colorado in 1976 with a bachelors degree in accounting. Since 1979 he has been licensed as a Certified Public Accountant in the State of Colorado and is a member of the Amer
17、ican Institute of Certified Public Accountants. Mr. Roe is employed by the Company on a full-time basis.Vice PresidentJoe Dokes, Secretary, Executive Vice President and Director. Mr. Dokes supervises the companys sales and implementations to its largest corporate customers, including US West, Great
18、West Life Insurance, etc. Mr. Dokes has served as Secretary and a Director since February 1988, Vice President of Operations from February 1988 to December 1988, President of the Company from December 1988 to January 1990 and Vice President of Contract Sales since January 1990. He has been involved
19、since 1986 with the private company originally formed as Random Excess, Inc., where his duties included managing the purchasing and sales department. From November 1984 to May 1986 he managed the sales department at Integrated Management Systems, Inc. From June 1983 to October 1984 he was a buyer fo
20、r Adams County, Colorado, School District 50. Mr. Dokes attended Oklahoma State University in 1980 and 1981 and Trinidad State College in Trinidad, Colorado in 1981 and 1982. He did not receive a degree from either university. Mr. Dokes is employed by the Company on a full-time basis.Sally Seaugh Vi
21、ce President of Marketing. Ms. Seaugh has been the Companys Vice President of Marketing since November 1988. From September 1986 to October 1988 she was involved in business development and marketing for United Bank of Aurora (Colorado). From February 1980 to August 1986 she was self-employed as an
22、independent oil and gas landman. Ms. Seaugh graduated from the University of Denver in 1974 with a bachelors degree in Education. She is employed by the Company on a full-time basis.ResponsibilitiesJohn Q. Doe, Chief Executive Officer - Responsible for entire operation. Oversees management function
23、and all other executives.Salary - $60,000.Richard Roe, CPA, Chief Financial Officer - Responsible for financial operations, accounts payable, accounts receivable, interaction with auditors, investor relations. Salary - $40,000Joe Dokes, Executive Vice President - Responsible primarily for sales and
24、sales support.Salary - $35,000Sally Seaugh Vice President of Marketing. Responsible for marketing, human resources and training. Salary - $30,000.Total Executive Compensation $165,000. This Page is for an Organization Chart, if applicable.Company HistoryIn Month, Year I/we formed a Product/Service c
25、ompany that manufactured start-of-the-art complex widgetry. This company was located in City, State. I/we formed this company as a proprietorship, partnership, corporation. Others involved in this business were: names.The main goal of this company was to explain.Financing was arranged through home e
26、quity loans, savings, venture capital, friends and family, etc. Explain terms, rates and ability to repay.This venture was very successful in generating and increasing sales, but was not effective in achieving profitability. The main reason for this was the amount of actual overhead experienced. Thi
27、s overhead was not initially anticipated by me at the beginning of that venture. Items including credit checking, warranty program management, extensive travel, maintaining warehouse stock and the management and expense of a national sales force were expenses not originally forecast or expected. Wit
28、h this level of overhead, it was mathematically impossible to achieve profitability.or:This venture was very successful in generating and increasing sales, as well as effective in achieving profitability. This was due to the following reasons:Reason 1Reason 2Reason 3OR:My Company was recently concei
29、ved and is still in the beginning stages. To this point the following has been accomplished: A team consisting of list names and primary responsibility. (i.e John Doe - Marketing) has been formed. A prospective customer/client list has been drawn up. Strategy meetings are being held every Monday, We
30、dnesday and Friday evenings. This business plan has been drawn up.Now link the past to the future - why a former company will lead into this one or how your present company and history will lead into any future plans. A short paragraph should suffice. We are now able to adequately address the market
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